Chipolopolo nyerere kapena hormiga veinticuatro - nyerere yoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Potanthauzira - "nyerere maola 24". Umu ndi momwe mankhwala a poizoni wopanda poizoni amagwirira ntchito, omwe amawabaya akamaluma. Kuluma kwa nyerereyi kumakhala ndi 4 pachikuto cha Schmitt, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ululu wolumidwawo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mbola za njuchi ndi mavu.
M'mafuko ena achi India, mtundu uwu wa nyerere umatenga nawo gawo pachikhalidwe chaubwana wa anyamata, kuti awakonzekeretse zovuta zakukalamba ndikukhala ankhondo. Tizilombo timeneti timapangidwa ndi magolovesi ndipo timayika m'manja kwa mphindi 10. Kuluma kambiri kumayambitsa ziwalo za miyendo. Izi zimachitika kangapo mwezi wonse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha nyerere
Paraponera clavata kapena nyerere ya chipolopolo ndi ya nyama, mtundu wa nyamakazi. Malo ogulitsira. Banja la nyerere. Mtundu wa Paraponera ndi mtundu wa Paraponera clavata. Mitunduyi idatchulidwa koyamba kuti Formica clavata mu 1775 ndi Danish etymologist Fabrice. Nyerere ndi imodzi mwazilombo zakale kwambiri padziko lathuli, nyerere zimakhala m'dziko lathu lapansi zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo kuyambira nthawi ya Mesozoic.
Kanema: Chipolopolo cha nyerere
Paleontology ya nyerere imagawika magawo anayi: Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene ndi Early Eocene, Middle Eocene ndi Oligocene, ndi nyama zamakono za Miocene. Zotsalira za nyerere zakale sizisungidwa bwino ndipo ndizovuta kuzifotokoza. Popita nthawi, asayansi apanga mtundu wina, Paraponera, mitundu iyi ndi ya banja laling'ono la Paraponerinae Emery.
Nyerere za mitundu imeneyi ndi nyama zolusa. Amadyetsa tizilombo tonse tamoyo komanso zowola. Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha. Ali ndi thupi lalikulu lakuda kwambiri. Amakhala m'mabanja amodzi, pali anthu pafupifupi 1000. Khalani ndi mbola yakuthwa. Mukalumidwa, mankhwala owopsa a neurotoxin poneratoxin amapopera, omwe amalepheretsa malo olumirako. Ndi amodzi mwamatenda owopsa padziko lapansi chifukwa cha kulumidwa kowawa komanso kuopsa kwa imfa ngati vuto limayamba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nyerere ya zipolopolo imawonekera
Chipolopolo nyerere chimakhala ndi thupi lokulirapo kuyambira 17 mpaka 26 mm kutalika kophimbidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Nyerere zazing'ono. Chiberekero chachikazi chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri. Shupliki yomwe ili pa nsagwada yakumunsi ya kachilomboka ili ndi magawo asanu. Shupliks yomwe ili pakamwa yakumunsi imakhala ndi mitundu itatu. Mutu wamtundu wa nyererewu ndiwong'onoting'ono wokhala ndi makona ozungulira. Maso a kachilomboka ali kutsogolo kwa mawonekedwe ozungulira pang'ono.
Maso akuda. Pali zotumphukira pazitsulo zakumbuyo ndi miyendo yapakati. Gawo loyamba la pamimba la tizilombo limasiyanitsidwa ndi kupindika kwa ena onse. Zobwezeretsazo zili ndi lobe yotukuka. Tizilombo timapanga madzi apadera a pheromone fluid mothandizidwa ndi gland, madzi awa ndi osakaniza chakudya.
Mtundu wa thupi kuchokera ku imvi-bulauni mpaka kufiyira. Minga yopyapyala ngati singano imatha kuwona thupi lonse la nyerere. Pali nsonga pafupifupi 3-3.5 mm kutalika. Posungira poyizoni ndi pafupifupi 1.10 mm kutalika komanso pafupifupi millimeter m'mimba mwake. Pali ngalande yayitali ya 3 mm pakati pa mbola ndi posungira poizoni. Poizoniyo amakhala ndi poneratoxin, yomwe imagwira ntchito kwa maola 24, ndipo imamupweteka kwambiri.
Sichiukira mosafunikira, isanadye ikuchenjeza za chiwopsezo ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mazira a Paraponera clavata ndi akulu, ozungulira, a kirimu kapena zoyera. Mfumukazi yaikazi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu makamaka pamimba pakatikati.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuti nyerere ya zipolopolo ili ndi poyizoni kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kachilombo koopsa kamapezeka.
Kodi nyerere imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha nyerere m'chilengedwe
Nyerere za mtundu uwu zimakhala m'nkhalango zam'madera otentha ku South America kuchokera ku Costa Rica ndi Nicaragua kupita ku Venezuela, Brazil, Peru ndi Paraguay. Ndiponso nyererezi zimapezeka m'nkhalango za Peru, Ecuador, Colombia. Kwa moyo wonse, nyerere zimasankha nkhalango zotsika ndi nyengo yotentha yotentha. Malo a nyerere amakonza zisa mobisa pakati pa mizu ya mitengo ikuluikulu. Zisa izi nthawi zambiri zimangolowa kamodzi komanso kutulutsa kumodzi. Nyerere nthawi zonse zimagwira ntchito pakhomo; pakagwa ngozi, zimachenjeza ena za izo ndikutseka makomo.
Zisa zimapezeka pakuya pafupifupi mita 0,5. M'chisa chimodzi chotere, gulu laling'ono la anthu pafupifupi chikwi limakhala. Pa hekitala imodzi ya nkhalango, pakhoza kukhala zisa zinayi zotere. Mkati mwa nyumba ya nyerere pamakhala chokumbutsa china cha nyumba yosanjikizana. Nyumba zazitali komanso zazitali zimafalikira kuchokera mumsewu umodzi wautali kupita mmbali mosiyanasiyana. Pakumanga, pulogalamu yoyeserera imayikidwanso, yomwe imapangidwira ngalande yakuya, imatsika kuchokera pachisa.
Chosangalatsa: Kuti apange chisa, nyerere nthawi zambiri zimasankha malo m'munsi mwa mitengo ya Pentaclethra macroloba, mtengowu umatulutsa timadzi tokoma, tomwe tizilombo timakonda kudya.
Nthawi zina nyerere zimayika zisa zawo m'mapanga a mitengo iyi kumtunda. Nthawi yomweyo, kutalika kwa dzenje kumatha kukhala mamita 14 kuchokera pansi. Nthawi ya nyerere ya antchito ndi pafupifupi zaka 3, chiberekero chachikazi chimakhala motalika kwambiri kuposa zaka 15-20, izi zimachitika chifukwa chokhala chete komanso moyo wowerengeka.
Kodi nyerere imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha nyerere Poizoni
Nyerere za mitunduyi ndizopanga zooonecrophages; zimadyetsa zovunda zonse ndipo zimakhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Zakudya za Paraponera clavata zikuphatikiza:
- tizilombo tating'ono (ntchentche, cicadas, agulugufe, centipedes, tizirombo tating'ono, ndi zina zambiri);
- kudzala timadzi tokoma;
- zipatso ndi madzi zipatso.
Kusaka chakudya kumachitika usiku, makamaka ndi nyerere za antchito. Tizilombo tikachoka pachisa, timasiya chizindikiro cha ma pheromones panjira, malingana ndi chizindikirochi amatha kubwerera, kapena nyerere zina zimatha kuzipeza. Kusaka chakudya kumachitika makamaka mumtengo ndipo nthawi zambiri pansi. Nyerere zimadziyendetsa bwino kwambiri mlengalenga nthawi iliyonse masana. Chakudya chitha kupezeka ndi gulu laling'ono kapena lokha.
Nyerere zimagawa nyama zikuluzikulu mzidutswa tating'ono kuti tizikapereka ku chisa. Nyerere imodzi nthawi zambiri imalephera kubweretsa nyama yonse, chifukwa chake gulu lonse la nyerere zimachita nawo chakudya. Pofunafuna chakudya, atha kupeza tizilombo tofa, idzakhala nyama yabwino kwambiri, amatha kusaka tizilombo tating'ono.
Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, nyerere zamtunduwu sizimadana ndikudya timadzi tokoma ta mitengo, chifukwa izi nyerere zimadula khungwa la mitengo ndikulandila madzi okoma. Nyerere zazikulu zimabweretsa madontho a timadzi ku chisa chawo kudyetsa mphutsi. Mphutsi za mtundu uwu wa nyerere zimadya chakudya osakonzeratu chilichonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo choopsa cha nyerere
Monga mitundu yonse ya nyerere, Paraponera clavata ali ndi chikhalidwe chotukuka kwambiri. Nyererezi zakhala zikuchita zomwe zikuyenera kuchita m'banja moyo wawo wonse. Nyerere zina ndizomanga, zina zimapeza chakudya, mkazi wamkazi wamkazi amabala ana. Nyerere zimagwira ntchito makamaka usiku. Usiku amapita kukasaka kuti apeze chakudya chawo. Pali bata ndi kuthandizana m'banjamo.
Komabe, amadana ndi abale awo ochokera m'mabanja ena ndipo mikangano pakati pamafuko imachitika nthawi zonse. Chakudya chimapezeka kuchokera kumitengo, kapena (makamaka kawirikawiri) kuchokera pansi. Nyerere zimakumba maenje akuya ndikukhala komweko m'mabanja akulu. Amuna ndi akazi omwe amasamalira anawo. Akuluakulu, omwe amachititsa kuti chakudya chikhalepo, amabweretsa chakudya ku chisa kwa mphutsi ndi chiberekero chachikazi, chomwe sichimachoka pachisa.
Kufunafuna chakudya kumachitikira pamtengo kapena kunkhalango, pomwe nyerere zimatha kuyenda mpaka mamita 40 kuchokera pachisa. Izi zisanachitike, njira yapadera yopangira chakudya, pomwe nyerere iliyonse pagulu imagwira ntchito yake. Kubwerera ku chisa pafupifupi 40%, ogwira ntchito amanyamula madzi, 20% amabweretsa tizilombo tofa, ndipo 20% amabweretsa chakudya chomera.
Nyerere zonyamula katundu zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimabwerera zopanda kanthu. Ngati pali gwero la chakudya pafupi, nyerere zimangodya zomwe zili nazo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nyerere zimasungidwa ndi alonda apadera a nyerere zingapo, mosamvetsetseka amayang'ana malowa, ndipo zikafika pangozi amatseka makomo ndikuchenjeza nyerere zina zowopsa.
Sachita nkhanza kwa anthu ndi zolengedwa zina ngati samva zoopsa. Koma, ngati mupita ku chisa kapena kuyesa kutenga nyerere m'manja mwanu, imayamba kuyimba mluzu mchenjezo ndikupereka chenjezo lamadzi lonunkhira langozi. Pambuyo pake, kachilomboka kamakanata mbola ndikupopera poyizoni wakufa. Kwa odwala matendawa, kuluma kumeneku kumatha kupha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha nyerere
Chisa chadzaza mchaka. Nyerere zogwira ntchito sizimatenga nawo gawo pakubala; Amuna athanzi athanzi amasankhidwa kuti aberekane, omwe amafa atakwatirana. Kukhalirana sikumachitika mkati mwa chisa, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zamoyo zambiri, koma pansi. Nthawi yokwatirana, mkazi amalandira umuna wambiri, womwe ndi wokwanira zaka 20 zikubwerazi. Pambuyo pa umuna, mkazi amathyola yekha mapiko ake ndikukakhazikika pachisa.
Kuyika koyamba kumachitika mu Marichi-Epulo. Mkazi amaikira mazira m'chipinda chapadera. Mazirawo ndi ozungulira komanso okulirapo. Mtundu wa mazira ndi kirimu kapena choyera ndi chikasu. Mphutsi zoyambirira zimabadwa patangotha masiku ochepa, ana amasamalidwa ndi banja lonse lalikulu. Nyerere zantchito zimadutsa chakudya mu unyolo kuchokera pakamwa kupita kukamwa. Chakudyacho sichisowa kukonzedwa mwapadera, chimayamwa ndi mphutsi momwe zimakhalira pang'ono.
Mphutsi zimalandiranso madzi ndi timadzi tokoma kuchokera ku nyerere zantchito. Mbewuyo ikakula, nyerere iliyonse imatenga malo ake pachiswe, ndipo imayamba kukwaniritsa cholinga chake.
Chosangalatsa: Kukhala wa mtundu wina wa mphutsi zimadalira mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa nsagwada ndikulowetsa chakudyacho.
Adani achilengedwe a nyerere ya chipolopolo
Chithunzi: Momwe nyerere ya zipolopolo imawonekera
Nyerere za mitunduyi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe.
Adani achilengedwe a nyerere zipolopolo ndi awa:
- mbalame;
- abuluzi;
- zikopa;
- mavu;
- zisudzo;
- nyerere mikango.
Pa chiwonongeko cha nyerere, mzati umayamba kudziteteza. Nyerere sizibisala mu chiswe, koma zimatsalira kuteteza ana awo. Nthawi zambiri njuchi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo chifukwa anthu ena amafa. Poukira adani, nyerere zamtunduwu zimaluma mwamphamvu, potero zimachotsa mdani. Mdani amatha kufooketsa miyendo ndi poizoni wa nyerere ndipo abwerera mmbuyo. Nthawi zambiri nyerere zimagwidwa zikukwawa zokha, kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Chipolopolo nyerere zimatha kukuwa mokweza kwambiri pangozi, kuchenjeza za ngozi ya nyerere zina.
Zisa za nyerere nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi ntchentche Apocephalus paraponerae ndipo zimadyetsa kutulutsa nyerere. Komanso mabakiteriya a Bartonella amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'thupi la nyerere, amathandizira kwambiri m'mimba, ndikuwonjezeka kwa chakudya chama khabohydrate, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya mkati mwa chisa kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Mdani woopsa kwambiri wa nyerere ndi anthu. Anthu amadula nkhalango momwe tizilombo timeneti timakhalamo, amawononga nyerere. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuko ambiri aku India amagwiritsa ntchito tizilomboti pochita miyambo, pambuyo pake tizilombo timafa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chipolopolo cha nyerere Poizoni
Chifukwa chakuti pali mitundu yambiri ya abale m'chilengedwe, yomwe imatha kufanana kunja, ndizovuta kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nyamayi. Nyerere za mtunduwu zimakhala mobisa kapena mitengo yambiri, zimakhala m'mabanja akulu ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuwunika kuchuluka kwake. Nyerere ndi tizilombo zosalekeza ndipo zimapulumuka mikhalidwe yoipa yazachilengedwe. Pakusintha, nyerere zakhazikitsa mikhalidwe yapadera yomwe imawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo komanso kudziteteza ndi nyumba zawo. M'mayiko ambiri ku Europe, zisa za m'nkhalango zimatetezedwa. M'dziko lathu, kuwononga nyerere kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mlandu woyang'anira ndipo amalipiritsa chindapusa.
Mitundu ya Paraponera clavata siyimayambitsa nkhawa zambiri, ndipo safuna chitetezo chowonjezera. Kuti tisunge osati nyerere zamtunduwu zokha, komanso nyama zina ndi tizilombo, ndikofunikira kuyimitsa kudula nkhalango m'malo okhala nyerere. Pangani malo obiriwira ndi mapaki. M'zaka zaposachedwa, anthu ambiri ochita zosangalatsa amakonda kuyambitsa minda ya nyerere ndikupeza nyerere zowopsa ngati ziweto. Ali mu ukapolo, nyerere zimamva bwino, zimakhala zosavuta kuziphunzitsa, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nyamazi ndizowopsa. Kwa odwala ziwengo, kulumidwa ndi nyerere zotere kumatha kupha, chifukwa chake kuwayika kunyumba sikulimbikitsidwa.
Chipolopolo nyerere - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri ya nyerere padziko lapansi, ndiyodekha komanso yamtendere, yokhala ndi luntha komanso gulu lotukuka. Nyererezi ndizoopsa pokhapokha zikadziteteza ndipo, zisanadye, zimachenjeza. Mukawona nyererezi, musazigwire ndi manja anu. Ngati mwalumidwa, muyenera kumwa mankhwala osagwirizana ndi matupi awo ndikupempha thandizo kwa dokotala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/30/2019 pa 21:19
