Kestrel wamba imawoneka bwino kwambiri komanso yokongola, izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa mbalameyi imayimira banja la mphamba. Anthu ambiri samudziwa munthu wamphongoyu konse, chifukwa chake zingakhale zosangalatsa kumvetsetsa chiyambi cha dzina lachilendo la mbalame, fotokozerani za mawonekedwe a nthengawo, mikhalidwe yake, mawonekedwe ake komanso moyo wawo wonse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel
Mbalame yodziwika bwino ndi mbalame yodya nyama ya banja la mphamba ndipo ili m'gulu la ma falconiform. Kestrel ndi dzina la mitundu ingapo ya mbalame kuchokera kumtundu wa mphamba. Zonsezi, mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri ya mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwa. Ndi ochepa okha mwa iwo omwe amakhala mdera la dziko lathu: the steppe kestrel ndi common kestrel, zomwe tikambirana.
Kanema: Wodziwika Kestrel
Chiyambi cha dzina la mbalameyi ndichopatsa chidwi, chifukwa pali mitundu yopitilira imodzi. Mu Chirasha, dzina la mbalame limamveka ngati "kestrel", mu Chibelarusi - "pustalga", mu Chiyukireniya - "boriviter". Mawu oti "kestrel" amatanthauza "chopanda kanthu". Buku lotanthauzira mawu achi Russia limafanana mofananamo ndi liwu loti "dummy". Pokhudzana ndi tanthauzo ili, pali lingaliro lolakwika loti mbalameyi idatchulidwapo dzina chifukwa sichimasinthidwa kukhala zabodza, ngakhale sizili choncho, amadziwika kuti ndi wosaka.
Mtundu wina umakhala womveka bwino, malinga ndi dzina lake "kestrel" limachokera munjira yosaka m'malo otseguka (msipu), pomwe muzu "pass" umatengedwa ngati maziko, chifukwa chake dzinalo limamveka ngati "pastelga" ndipo limatanthauza "kuyang'ana kunja". Dzinalo la nthenga la Chiyukireniya likuti ikamauluka m'mlengalenga, mbalameyi imasunthira mphepo, ndikuthana ndi mphepo yake. Asayansi amagawaniza mitundu yonse ya kestrel m'magulu anayi akuluakulu, osagwirizana m'banja limodzi, chifukwa khulupirirani kuti alibe kholo limodzi.
Magulu otsatirawa amadziwika:
- wamba wamba;
- kestrel weniweni;
- African imvi kestrel;
- American (Sparrow) Kestrel (gulu limakhala ndi mtundu umodzi).
Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo mitundu ina ya kestrels monga: Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, wamba, waku Australia (wamisala-imvi), Moluccan. Tikafotokoza mwachidule mawonekedwe a kestrel wamba, titha kunena kuti ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa, kakang'ono kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame kumasiyana masentimita 30 mpaka 39, ndi kulemera kwake - kuchokera magalamu 160 mpaka 300.
Chosangalatsa: Kestrel wamba anali mbalame ya 2006 ku Switzerland, 2007 ku Germany komanso chizindikiro cha Russian Bird Conservation Union mu 2002.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel akuthawa
Mbalame yodziwika bwino kwambiri imadya nthenga zolimba ngati nthenga. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 250, pomwe amuna amalemera pang'ono - pafupifupi magalamu 165-200. Kukula kwa mapiko a mbalamezi kumafika masentimita 76. Mitundu ya nthenga za mwamuna ndi mkazi nazonso ndi zosiyana. Mtundu wachikazi ndi yunifolomu, ndipo mtundu wamutu wamwamuna umasiyana ndi kamvekedwe ka thupi lonse, umakhala wonyezimira, wonyezimira pang'ono. Mkaziyo ali ndi mutu wabulawuni, kuti agwirizane ndi thupi lonse.
M'mphongo, kumbuyo kwake, komwe kumakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, timadontho tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timawoneka, tofanana ndi mawonekedwe a ma rombus. Dera lumbar lamwamuna, mchira wake mchira ndilotuwa. Mapeto a mchira adakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yosiyana ndi yoyera yoyera. Chogulitsidwacho ndi mtundu wa beige kapena kirimu ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa ma dash kapena mawonekedwe amtundu wa bulauni. Mbali yamkati yamapiko a kestrel wamphongo ili pafupifupi yoyera.
Akazi okhwima amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo, yomwe ili mthupi lonse. Mchira wofiirira umakhalanso ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa ndipo umakhala ndi mbali zosiyana. Gawo lam'mimba limakhala ndi mdima wakuda poyerekeza ndi amuna, pali madontho ambiri pamenepo. Zinyama zazing'ono zimafanana mofanana ndi zazikazi, koma zimakhala ndi mapiko amafupikitsa komanso ozungulira. Mtundu wa sera ndi malo ozungulira maso nawonso amasiyana: mu mbalame zokhwima ndimakhala wachikaso, ndipo mwa achinyamata umakhala wabuluu wobiriwira.
Mchira, onse wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, uli ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, chifukwa nthenga zapakati ndizitali kuposa nthenga zakunja kwa mchira. Malekezero a mapiko mwa anthu okhwima amafikira kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mchira. Miyendo ndi yachikaso chakuda, ndipo zikhadabo zake ndi zakuda. Mwambiri, thupi la kestrel limakhala logwirizana komanso labwino. Pamutu, maso akulu ozungulira komanso olumikizidwa, koma owoneka bwino, amawonekera bwino. Ponseponse pakuwoneka komanso nkhani, zimawonekeratu kuti iyi ndi mbalame yodya magazi abwino a nkhandwe.
Kodi mphaka wamba amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kestrel Wachilengedwe
Malo okhala kestrel wamba ndi ochulukirapo; yasankha osati mayiko osiyanasiyana, komanso makontinenti osiyanasiyana. Mbalameyi imakhala m'malo a Europe, Africa, Asia. Mitundu iyi ya kestrels yakhala pafupifupi dera lonse la Palaearctic (madera aku Europe, Asia kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Himalaya, kumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka kumalire akumwera kwa Sahara).
Kestrel amasinthasintha bwino nyengo ndi malo osiyanasiyana, posankha malo athyathyathya. Mbalamezi zimadutsa m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri komanso m'malo opanda mitengo. Ku Central Europe, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, apolisi komanso m'malo olimidwa. Kestrel nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa m'malo otseguka okhala ndi masamba ochepa a shrub, komwe chakudya chimakhala chochuluka.
Mbalameyi imatha kusintha mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chakudya chokwanira pamenepo, chifukwa chake mapiri siachilendo kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, ku Alps, mbalame zimakhala pamtunda wa makilomita atatu ndi theka, ndipo ku Tibet, zimatha kupezeka pamakilomita asanu. Mbalame zimakonda kupanga zisa m'mitengo, koma osakhalapo, zimamanga zisa pamitengo yamagetsi othamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chosangalatsa: Kestrel sachita manyazi ndi anthu konse, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonekera m'mizinda (makamaka aku Europe), nthenga imalembetsedwa m'midzi ya anthu kapena imakhala m'mabwinja a nyumba zakale.
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha kukhazikika kwa kestrel m'matawuni ndi Berlin, mbalamezi zimawerengedwa kale ngati anthu okhala kumeneko. Chiyambire kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazo, atolankhani adayamba kuphunzira ntchito zofunikira za mbalamezi m'malo okhala m'mizinda.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mbalame wamba. Tiyeni tiwone yemwe amasaka ndi zomwe amadya.
Kodi mphaka wamba amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel ku Russia
Menyu ya kestrel imadalira komwe amakhala kwamuyaya, chifukwa chake ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi:
- mbalame zazing'ono zazikulu (mwachitsanzo, mpheta);
- anapiye a njiwa yakuthengo;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono (makamaka ma voles);
- buluzi;
- ziphuphu;
- makoswe amadzi;
- mitundu yonse ya tizilombo (ziwala, dzombe, kafadala).
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nyama zazing'ono zimadya nyama zopanda mafupa ndi tizilombo, ndipo mbalame zokhwima zimadya pamene sizipeza chakudya china.
Chosangalatsa: Kuti abwezeretse ndalama zake zamagetsi, kestrel ayenera kudya chakudya chochuluka chotere patsiku, chomwe chimafanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a kulemera kwake. M'mimba mwa mbalame zakufa, mbewa ziwiri zopukutidwa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka nthawi imodzi.
Kestrel ali ndi njira ziwiri zazikulu zosakira: amaukira mwina kuchokera kumtengo (nsanamira, mipanda, nthambi), kapena mwachindunji kuchokera ntchentche. Njira yoyamba yosakira imakhala yothandiza kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo yachiwiri - nthawi yotentha. Njira zowuluka zouluka ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi mbalameyi, kabawi amaundana kwambiri pamalo amodzi, ndikupanga mapiko ake olimba. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imawuluka mwamphamvu kwambiri m'malo omwe imawona nyama zambiri. Wovulalayo akamugwira, amamugwira ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa za mbalame zomwe zimakumba mthupi, ndiye kuti kestrel amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomalizira nyama yomwe wagwidwa ndi mulomo wake m'chigawo chake cha occipital. Zinyama zambiri zamatchire zimakonda kusaka nyama motere.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yodziwika kwambiri ya mbalame
Tsiku lililonse, kestrel wamba amayenda mozungulira malo osakira. Pomwe mpweya ukuyenda bwino, amakonzekera bwino kwambiri pamwambapa. Mbalamezi zimatha kuuluka ngakhale m'malo otsekedwa, pomwe sipangakhale kusuntha kwa magulu amlengalenga, ndipo zikauluka, mbalame zimayang'ana mphepo. Maso a mbalame amawona kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi mamina amkodzo otsalira ndi makoswe pakuwala. Kuwala kukuwala kwambiri, kutalikirana kwambiri ndi munthu amene angakugwetseni, poiwona, nthenga imayamba kumira pansi mofulumira, kuigwira ndi zikhadabo zake.
Kutha kukhalabe pandege zowuluka ndi chinthu chosiyanitsa ndi kestrel kuchokera ku mphamba zina zazing'ono. Ikamauluka, mbalameyi imatsegula mchira wake ngati chonyamulira ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwetsa mapiko ake mwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyi imayandama pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 20 m ndikuyang'ana pansi pake. Kuchokera panja imawoneka yokongola komanso yosangalatsa.
Chosangalatsa: Maonekedwe owoneka bwino a kestrel amapitilira nthawi ziwiri ndi theka kuposa zamunthu. Ngati anthu anali atcheru choncho, amatha kuwerenga tebulo lonse muofesi ya ophthalmologist mosavuta kuchokera kumtunda wa mamita makumi asanu ndi anayi.
Mitundu ya ma kestrels ndiyosiyanasiyana. Amuna amatha kutulutsa mawu pafupifupi 9, ndipo akazi amakhala pafupifupi leveni. Pafupipafupi, kugwedezeka, kukweza ndi mamvekedwe zimadalira momwe zimakhalira chizindikirocho.
Mothandizidwa kulira, asayansi apeza kuti, kutengera malo okhala okhazikika, kestrel akhoza kukhala:
- woyendayendawu;
- kungokhala;
- kusamuka.
Njira zosamukira mbalame zimakhudzidwa ndikupezeka kwa chakudya m'malo omwe mbalame zimakhazikika. Mbalame zosamuka zimauluka motsika, sizikwera pamwamba pa mita zana, koma nthawi zambiri zimauluka kutsika kwambiri kuposa chizindikirochi (mkati mwa 40 - 50 m). Ngakhale nyengo yovuta imatha kuyimitsa kuyenda kwa kestrel wokhala ndi cholinga. Mbalame zolimba mtima zitha kuthana ndi zitunda za mapiri, chifukwa sizimadalira kwambiri kayendedwe ka magulu amlengalenga. Ngati izi zifunikira, ndiye kuti adani olimba nthenga olimba mtima amatha ngakhale pamwamba pa mapiri okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Izi zikutsimikizira kulimba kwawo komanso kukhazikika kwawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel wochokera ku Red Book
M'madera aku Central Europe, nyengo yaukwati wa mbalame imachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo. Pakadali pano, amuna amapanga ndege zowonetsera kuti akope chidwi cha wokondedwa wawo. Kuvina kwakumlengalenga kumadziwika ndikutembenuka kwakuthwa, kutembenukira mbali yawo, ma slide othamanga, kusokonezedwa ndi mapiko a mapiko onyada. Zovuta zonse izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi kufuula komwe kumayenera kukopa namwaliyu ndikulemba malire a mbalameyo.
Mkaziyo amayitanitsa mnzake kuti agonane naye, amawulukira pafupi ndi iye ndikufuula ngati mwana wankhuku wanjala, kuwonetsa kuti ndi wokonzeka kukwatira. Pambuyo pomaliza ntchitoyi, wopalasa nthenga uja akuthamangira kumalo osungira nyama ndikuyitanitsa mayi wamtima mothandizidwa ndi pony yonyamula. Ikakhala pachisa, imapitilizabe kugwira ndikuyamba kukanda chisa, ndikupangitsa kukhumudwa kwakukulu ndi zikhadabo zake. Mzimayi akauluka, njondayo imalumpha mosangalala, ndikudumphadumpha. Amachita izi kuti mnzake asankhe chisa chake, kuwonekera kwa chisankho kumakhudzidwa ndi chithandizo chomwe adakonzeratu pasadakhale njonda.
Zosangalatsa: Ngati chisa cha kestrel sichili mumtengo, chikuwoneka ngati nsanja yoyeretsedwa kapena kukhumudwa pang'ono. Ntchentche nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zisa za anthu ena posiyidwa.
Pakati pa nthawi yogona, mbalame zimatha kulumikizana m'magulu a mitundu ingapo. Pazitsulo zamphongo zitha kukhala mazira kuyambira 3 mpaka 7, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira 4 mpaka 6. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha pafupifupi mwezi. Amuna ndi akazi amaswa mazira mosinthana. Anapiye akhanda amakhala ndi zoyera zoyera, zomwe zimasintha imvi msanga. Zikhadabo ndi milomo ya makanda ndizopaka utoto woyera. Atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, anapiyewo amayesa kupanga maulendo awo oyamba, ndipo akafika miyezi iwiri, amayamba kusaka okha. Mbalamezi zimakula msinkhu pafupi chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya mbalameyi ndi pafupifupi zaka 16, koma kufa pakati pa anapiye ndikokwera kwambiri, kotero kuti theka la achinyamata amakhala ndi moyo mpaka chaka chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a kestrel wamba
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel
Ngakhale mphalapala ndi nyama yodya nyama, imakhala ndi adani m'malo awo achilengedwe; anapiye opanda chitetezo komanso osadziwa zambiri ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndipo ndodozo zimawonongeka nthawi zambiri. Monga tanenera kale, mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango nthawi zambiri zimabwereka zisa za anthu ena, monga agalu, agogowe ndi akhwangwala. Ndizo mbalamezi zomwe zimakhala pakati pa adani achilengedwe a kestrels. Amapanga ziwombankhanga osati mbalame zokhwima, koma anapiye ndi nkhuku za dzira. Zisa za Kestrels zitha kuwonongedwa ndi ma weasel ndi martens, omwe sagwirizana ndi zokhwasula-khwasula pa anapiye ndi mazira.
Mdani wa kestrel ndi munthu amene amatha kuwononga chisa chifukwa chongofuna kudziwa. Anthu, akuchita ntchito yawo yolimba, nthawi zambiri amakankhira mbalame kumalo awo okhala, ngakhale mbalamezi zatha kuzolowera moyo wapafupi ndi anthu, kukhazikika m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kestrel anavutika ndi alenje, omwe tsopano akusaka ndiosowa.
Adani a kestrels nthawi zambiri amakhala achilengedwe omwe amapangitsa kuti mbalame zambiri zife. Kufa kwa mbalame ndikokwera kwambiri, komwe kumakhala nyengo yozizira kumadera ozizira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Ma Falcon amafa, makamaka, osati ndi chisanu, koma ndi njala, chifukwa nthawi yachisanu kumakhala kosavuta kupeza chakudya. Ndi 50 peresenti yokha ya anapiye omwe amalaka malire azaka chimodzi, zomwe sizingakhale zowopsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kestrel Wachilengedwe
Chiwerengero cha mitundu ina ya kestrel ndi chochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake chimatetezedwa. Ponena za mphaka wamba, anthu ake amadziwika kuti ndi ochuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mphamba. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IUCN, kuchuluka kwa mbalameyi ku Europe kumasiyana pakati pa anthu 819,000 mpaka 1.21 miliyoni, omwe ndi pakati pa 409 mpaka 603 zikwi ziwiri za mbalame. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mbalame zomwe zasankha ku Europe ndi pafupifupi 19 peresenti ya mbalamezi, zomwe malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, zili ndi anthu okhwima kuyambira 4.31 mpaka 6.37 miliyoni.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, panali kuchepa kwa mbalame, koma tsopano, malinga ndi asayansi, pali bata pakati pa anthu, yomwe ndi nkhani yabwino. Komabe, pali zinthu zingapo zoyipa zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wa kestrel, chifukwa chake amatetezedwa kumadera ena adziko lathu.Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi monga kukhala malo odyetserako msipu, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi kudula mitengo, kupezeka kwa moto waukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'minda yolimidwa, pomwe mbalame zimakonda kusaka mbewa zamitundu yonse.
Kuteteza mphaka wamba
Chithunzi: Common Kestrel wochokera ku Red Book
Zidatchulidwa kale kuti mitundu ina ya kestrels ili pachiwopsezo (Mauritian ndi Seychelles) ndipo adatchulidwa m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red. Ndipo kestrel wamba, ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndiofala kwambiri komanso ambiri, adalembedwa mu Red Data Books zamadera ena m'chigawo cha Russia. m'malo awa, ziweto zake zatsika kwambiri.
Kestrel wamba adatchulidwa mu Moscow Red Data Book kuyambira 2001; mitunduyi ili pachiwopsezo m'derali. Zomwe zikulepheretsa kwambiri ndikukula kwa malire amzindawu, kuchepa kwa madambo ndi malo otseguka oyenera kukhazikitsira mbalame. Akatswiri akuwona kuti malinga ndi chidziwitso cha 2010, kuchuluka kwa ma kestrel kwawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri.
Kestrel wamba amatchulidwanso m'mabuku a Red Data a zigawo za Murmansk ndi Ryazan, ndipo amatetezedwa mdera la Buryatia. Kulikonse komwe zamoyozi zili mgulu lachitatu, zomwe zimanena kuti mbalameyi ndiyosowa ndikucheperako, komwe anthu ali pafupi kuwopseza. Padziko lonse lapansi, mbalame zamtundu uwu zimaphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa CITES, Zowonjezera II pamisonkhano ya Bonn ndi Berne.
Njira zodzitetezera ndi izi:
- kukhazikitsa malo osungira ndi malo osungira;
- Kuphatikizidwa kwa malo opezako zisa m'malo otetezedwa;
- kuwongolera zochitika zachuma m'malo azisa;
- kuletsa kwathunthu kusaka;
- kulipira chindapusa chowononga malo okhala ndi zisa ndi ntchito zosaka;
- kupachika mabokosi azisa mkati mwa mzinda ndi m'malo otetezedwa;
- njira zodzitetezera pakati paomwe akukhala.
Poyerekeza, zikungowonjezerapo wamba wamba, mbalame yodabwitsa komanso yosangalatsa yomwe imafanana kwambiri ndi mphamba wolemekezeka. Mwa mawonekedwe ake onse, munthu amatha kunyada ndikukhala. Ubwino wa kestrel kwa anthu ndi wosatsutsika, chifukwa umapulumutsa minda yolimidwa kuchokera ku makoswe ndi tizirombo tambiri, chifukwa chake tiyenera kuwonetsa ulemu kwa nthenga kuti moyo wake wa mbalame ukhale wosatekeseka komanso wosangalala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 nthawi ya 22:35
