Mbalame ya Puffin nyama yokongola ya kumtunda komwe mawonekedwe ndi mayendedwe ake amawoneka oseketsa. Pansi, amayenda, kuwongolera thupi lake, ndikukonzanso miyendo yayifupi. Mbalame ikamabwera kuti ifike kumtunda, imagwetsa mapiko ake pang'ono, kuyesera kuti isakhale mlengalenga, ndikutambasula miyendo yake ngati chofikira, ikuphwanya. Ma puffins amakhala m'midzi yambiri ndipo amakonda kudziwa mbalame zomwe zimatha kupanga ziwombankhanga mosayembekezeka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: mbalame ya puffin
Puffin ndi mtundu wa mbalame zam'nyanja zomwe zimapezeka mu dongosolo la Charadriiformes ndipo ndi am'banja la Alcidae. Atlantic puffin ndiye mtundu wokhawo wa mtundu wa Fratercula wopezeka mu Nyanja ya Atlantic. Mitundu ina iwiri imapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Pacific: puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) ndi Ipatka (Fratercula corniculata), womalizirayo ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa Atlantic puffin. Puffin wa chipembere (C. monocerata) ndi puffins wa ku Atlantic nawonso ndi ofanana. Zakale zakale zapezeka za wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa puffin - mbalame Fratercula dowi, wokhala ku Pleistocene.
Kanema: Puffin Mbalame
Dzina loti Fratercula limachokera ku liwu lakale lachilatini loti Fratercula (monk), popeza nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera za nthenga imafanana ndi mikanjo yachifumu. Dzinalo arctica limachokera ku Greek ἄρκτος ("arktos"), chimbalangondo ndipo chimatanthauza gulu la nyenyezi la Ursa Major. Dzina lachi Russia "dead end" - likuwonetsa mulomo waukulu wamphangayo ndipo umachokera ku mawu oti "wopusa".
Pali ma subspecies atatu omwe amadziwika bwino:
- F. arctica arctica;
- F. arctica naumanni;
- F. arctica grabae.
Kusiyana kokha kwamakhalidwe pakati pawo ndi magawo awo. Kutalika kwa thupi + kukula kwa milomo + kutalika kwamapiko, komwe kumawonjezera kumtunda wapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, puffin wochokera kumpoto kwa Iceland (subspecies F. a. Naumanii) amalemera pafupifupi 650 g ndipo amakhala ndi mapiko kutalika kwa 186 mm, pomwe woimira zilumba za Faroe (subspecies F. Grabae) amalemera 400 g ndi mapiko kutalika kwa 158 mm. Anthu ochokera kumwera kwa Iceland (subspecies F. arctica) amakhala pakatikati pawo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Puffin wa mbalame yakumpoto
Puffin ya Atlantic imamangidwa molimba, ndi khosi lalikulu, mapiko amfupi ndi mchira. Ndiwotalika masentimita 28 mpaka 30 kuchokera kumapeto kwa mlomo wake wakuthwa mpaka kumchira wosakhazikika. Mapiko amatalika kuyambira masentimita 49 mpaka 63. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa wamkazi, koma amtundu umodzi. Mphumi ndi nape ndi zakuda zonyezimira, monga kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira. Kolala yayikulu yakuda yomwe ili mozungulira khosi. Kumbali iliyonse yamutu kuli malo akulu, amtundu wa rhomboid ofiira. Mawanga awa kumaso kwake amafika mpaka penapake ndipo amapezeka pafupifupi kumbuyo kwa khosi.
Mlomo umaoneka ngati kansalu kakang'ono kuchokera mbali, koma ukauona kuchokera pamwamba ndi wopapatiza. Hafu kumapeto kwake ndi yofiira lalanje, ndipo theka pamutu pake ndi imvi. Mulingo wake umasiyana malinga ndi msinkhu wa mbalameyo. Mwa munthu wosakhwima, mlomo siwotalika ngati mbalame yayikulu. Popita nthawi, mlomowo umakulirakulira, m'mphepete mwake mumapinda, ndipo kink imayamba pansi pake. Mbalameyi imaluma kwambiri.
Zosangalatsa: Mlomo ndi wofunikira kwambiri pokopa mnzanu. M'ngululu, m'nyengo yobereketsa, pamakhala mtundu wowala wonyezimira wa mlomo.
Maso amawoneka pafupifupi amakona atatu chifukwa cha kachigawo kakang'ono, kosongoka ka khungu loyera labuluu pafupi nawo ndi malo amakona pansipa. Ophunzirawo ndi abulauni kapena akuda buluu ndipo aliyense ali ndi mphete yofiira yozungulira. Mbali yakumunsi ya mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga zoyera. Pakutha nyengo yobereketsa, nthenga zimakhala zakuda, zimasiya kukongola ndipo zimakhalanso ndi bulauni. Miyendo ndi yaifupi komanso atagona bwino, zomwe zimapatsa mbalameyo molunjika kumtunda. Miyendo yonse ndi mapazi ake akuthwa ndi owala lalanje mosiyana ndi zikhadabo zakuda zakuthwa.
Kodi mbalame ya puffin imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame za Puffin ku Russia
Malo obereketsa amtunduwu amaphatikizanso magombe komanso makamaka zilumba za North Atlantic komanso nyanja yakumadzulo ya polar. Ku Nearctic, puffin imaswana m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku North America kuchokera ku Labrador kupita ku Maine ndi Greenland. Madera akum'mwera kwambiri ku Western Atlantic ali ku Gulf of Maine, kumpoto kwambiri pachilumba cha Coburg ku Baffin Bay.
Ku Europe, mtundu uwu umaswana ku Iceland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bear Island ndi Novaya Zemlya, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Murmansk kumwera kwa Norway, zilumba za Faroe, Great Britain ndi Ireland, komanso kwanuko ku gombe la Sweden.
Maiko oyika mazira amaphatikizapo:
- Greenland;
- Kumpoto Canada;
- Nova Scotia;
- Iceland;
- Scandinavia;
- Russia;
- Ireland;
- kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa France.
Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka koyambirira kwa Epulo, ma puffins amakhala m'madzi okhaokha. Zikuwoneka kuti ma puffins amwazikana kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, m'modzi kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kukhazikika kwa nyengo yachisanu kumawoneka kudera lonse la North Atlantic kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa Africa, komanso kumadzulo kwa Mediterranean. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ziphuphu ku Russia lili ku Ainovskie pafupi ndi Murmansk. Pali malo ang'onoang'ono a mbalame ku Novaya Zemlya komanso pagombe lakumpoto la Kola Peninsula.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mbalame zanyanja zakumpoto za puffin. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mbalame ya puffin imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Puffin wa mbalame zam'nyanja
Zakudya za puffin ya Atlantic zimakhala ndi nsomba zonse, ngakhale kuwunika m'mimba kumawonetsa kuti nthawi zina mbalameyo imadya nkhanu, nkhanu zina, molluscs ndi nyongolotsi za polychaete, makamaka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Posodza, puffin amasambira pansi pamadzi, pogwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake otambalala ngati chiwongolero "chowuluka" m'madzi, ndi miyendo yake ngati chiwongolero. Amasambira mwachangu ndipo amatha kufika pansi kwambiri ndikukhala m'madzi kwa mphindi.
Mbalameyo imadya nsomba zazing'ono mpaka masentimita 18, koma nyamayo nthawi zambiri imakhala nsomba zazing'ono, pafupifupi masentimita 7. Mbalame yayikulu imayenera kudya pafupifupi 40 patsiku - eels, herring, sprats ndi capelin nthawi zambiri amadya. Puffin amatha kumeza nsomba zazing'ono m'madzi, koma zitsanzo zazikulu zimayendetsedwa pamwamba. Amatha kugwira nsomba zing'onozing'ono m'madzi amodzi, ndikuziika pakamwa pake ndi lilime lothina, ndikumagwira zina mpaka mulomo wonse utadzaza. Nsombazo zimatha kukhala nsomba 30 nthawi imodzi. Zakudya zofunika mbalame zazikulu ndi magalamu 80 mpaka 100 patsiku. Mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya mitunduyi, nsomba ndizo chakudya chachikulu cha anapiye.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yoswana, malo odyetsera puffin nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi a shelufu yadziko lonse osapitilira makilomita khumi kuchokera ku khola. Komabe, magulu akutali a puffins apezeka ku Newfoundland, akupereka nsomba kuchokera kumtunda wa makilomita makumi asanu ndi awiri. Ma puffins amatha kuyenda pansi mpaka mamita 70, koma nthawi zambiri amapeza chakudya chakuya.
Zinapezeka kuti ma puffins khumi, omwe anafufuzidwa molondola mkati mwa masiku 17 kuchokera pagombe la Newfoundland, anali ndi kutsetsereka kwakukulu kwa 40 mpaka 68 mita, ndipo ma puffins khumi pagombe laku Norway anali ndi madzi osambira okwanira 10 mpaka 45 mita. Nthawi yolowerera m'milandu 80% inali yayifupi kuposa masekondi 39. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri mbalameyi inali pansi pamadzi inali masekondi 115. Kutha pakati pamadontho kunali osakwana masekondi 20 95% yanthawiyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Puffin ikuthawa
Atlantic Puffin imatha kuwuluka molunjika, nthawi zambiri imakhala mamita 10 pamwamba pa nyanja, kuposa mbalame zina zambiri. Imayenda moongoka, ikamauluka imamveka pang'ono, ndipo pakamveka phokoso limakhala ngati kubuula ndi kubuula. Ma puffin a Atlantic amakhala okhaokha akakhala kunyanja, ndipo gawo ili la moyo wawo siliphunziridwa pang'ono, chifukwa ntchito yopeza mbalame imodzi m'nyanja yayikulu ndiyovuta.
Ili m'nyanja, puffin wa Atlantic amayenda ngati chotengera, akuyenda mwamphamvu miyendo yake m'madzi ndikudzipumira mphepo, ngakhale ili kupumula komanso mwachidziwikire kuti likugona. Amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri kuyeretsa tsiku lililonse kuti nthenga zake zizikhala bwino. Zipsepse zake zopanda pake zimakhala zowuma komanso zotentha.
Zosangalatsa: Monga mbalame zina zam'nyanja, nthenga zake zakumtunda ndizakuda ndipo maulemu apansi ndi oyera. Izi zimapereka chodzitetezera chifukwa nyama zouluka m'mlengalenga sizingaziwone patakhala mdima, madzi, ndipo owukira m'madzi sawona mbalameyo ikalumikizana ndi thambo lowala pamwamba pamafunde.
Mapeto akanyamuka, amawombera mapiko ake mwamphamvu asananyamuke. Kukula kwamapiko kumasinthidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kawiri, pamwambapa ndi pansi pamadzi, malo ake ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa mbalameyo. Kuti ndegeyo izitha kuuluka, imawomba mwachangu kwambiri kangapo pamphindikati. Mbalameyi imauluka molunjika komanso kutsika pamwamba pamadzi ndipo imatha kuyenda pa liwiro la makilomita 80 pa ola limodzi.
Kufika kumakhala kovuta, amatha kugundana ndi funde, kapena amagwa m'mimba m'madzi odekha. Tili kunyanja, Atlantic puffin imasungunuka. Imakweza nthenga zake zonse kamodzi ndikupita osawuluka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri. Kukhwinyata kumachitika pakati pa Januware ndi Marichi, koma mbalame zazing'ono zimatha kutaya nthenga pambuyo pake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mapeto omaliza
Omwe amafika ku koloni amachokera koyambirira mpaka pakati pa Epulo, ku Northern Ocean, ofika amasiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera kusungunuka kwa chisanu. Mbalamezi zimafika pamalo oswanirana kale. Kukula msinkhu kwa mbalame kumachitika zaka 3 - 5. Ma puffins amakhala munthawi imodzi yokha, ndipo mabanja ambiri amakhala limodzi kuyambira chaka chatha. Kuphatikizika kumachitika kokha pamadzi. Pambuyo pophatikizana, anzawo amasambira pang'onopang'ono mozungulira.
Anawo nthawi zambiri amakhala okumba okha. Kawirikawiri, koma kutengera malo, maenje amatengedwa kuchokera ku nyama zina. Nthawi zina ana amakhala m'magulu amiyala yopingasa kapena pakati pamiyala. Pakhomo la phanga limatetezedwa ndi chachimuna, chachikazi chimakonzekeretsa mkati mwa phanga. Mabowo amatulutsidwa ndi milomo, zida zochulukazo zimatulutsidwa ndi zikhomo. Mapanga amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 0,75 mpaka 1.50 m, osapitilira 3 mita Kutseguka kwake ndikotalika masentimita 30-40, m'mimba mwake muli pafupifupi masentimita 12.5, ndipo chipinda chachitetezo chimakhala ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 40 cm.
Amuna amakhala ndi zazikazi nthawi yonse yoswana, ndipo awiriawiri nthawi zambiri amakhala panja pa kabowo. Mazira amaikidwa pakati pa Juni ndi Julayi ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala dzira limodzi pawiri. Mazirawo ndi ozungulira, oyera, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawanga abulauni. Makolo onse amakwiririra dzira poyika dzira pansi pa phiko limodzi ndikutsamira nalo matupi awo. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi masiku 42. Anapiye amafunikira masiku 36 mpaka 50 a nthenga, kutalika kwa nthawi imeneyi kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Pakadali pano, anapiye amakhala atafika pafupifupi 75% ya misinkhu yawo yokhwima.
M'masiku angapo apitawa mobisa, mwana wankhuku amatulutsa nthenga zake ndipo ana amapezeka. Mlomo wake, miyendo ndi mapazi ake ndi ofiira kwambiri, ndipo alibe zigamba zoyera pankhope pake. Kenako anapiyewo amasiya chisa chawo usiku usiku. Amatuluka m'manda mwake usiku ndikuthamangira kunyanja. Satha kuwuluka bwinobwino komabe, kutsika kuchokera kuphompho ndikowopsa. Mwana wankhuku akafika pamadzi, amalowa m'nyanja ndipo atha kukhala pamtunda wa makilomita 3 kuchokera kugombe m'mawa.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame za puffin
Chithunzi: mbalame ya puffin
Mbalameyi ndi yotetezeka kwambiri panyanja. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotheka kuwona momwe puffin amalowetsera mutu wake pansi pa ode kuti awone ngati pali zolusa pafupi. Zimadziwika bwino kuti zisindikizo zimapha ma puffins, ndipo nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zitha kudya zimathanso kuchita izi. Madera ambiri ali pazilumba zazing'ono, ndipo izi sizangochitika mwangozi, chifukwa zimapewa kudya nyama zakutchire: nkhandwe, makoswe, ma ermines, ma weasel, ndi zina zambiri. Koma mbalame zikafika kumtunda, zimakhala pachiwopsezo, chifukwa chowopseza chachikulu chimachokera kumwamba.
Zowononga za Atlantic Puffin kumwamba ndi izi:
- Mbalame zam'madzi (L. marinus);
- skua wamkulu (Stercorarius skua).
Komanso mitundu ina yofanana kukula kwake yomwe imatha kugwira mbalame zikuuluka kapena kuwukira mbalame zomwe sizingathe kuthawa mwachangu pansi. Pofuna kupeza zoopsa, ma puffin amanyamuka ndikuwulukira kunyanja kapena kubwerera m'makina awo, koma akagwidwa, amadziteteza mwamphamvu ndi milomo yawo ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Puffins akamazungulira pafupi ndi miyala, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti nyama yolusa ikangoyang'ana pa mbalame imodzi kuti iwagwire, pomwe anthu omwe amakhala okhaokha ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Zosangalatsa: Mafinya a Ixodid ndi utitiri (Ornithopsylla laetitiae) amapezeka m'matumba a puffin. Mitundu ina ya mbalame zomwe zimapezeka mu mbalame ndi monga C. borealis, C. gallinae, C. garei, C. vagabunda, ndi flea wamba S. cuniculi.
Mitundu yaying'ono yamphongo monga herring gull (L. argentatus) sichimatha kugwetsa munthu wamkulu puffin. Amadutsa m'dera lomwe amatola mazira, kapena anapiye omwe asunthira kutali kwambiri ndi chisa mpaka masana. Mbalamezi zimabanso nsomba zochokera m'mabulu omwe amabwerera kudzadyetsa ana awo. M'madera ophatikizana ndi puffin ndi Arctic skua (S. parasiticus), omaliza amakhala olanda nyama. Ali mlengalenga, amapondereza malekezero ake, ndikuwakakamiza kuti aponyere nyama, kenako nkuyikwira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Puffin wa mbalame yakumpoto
Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukuyerekeza anthu okhwima 12 mpaka 14 miliyoni. Anthu aku Europe akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi 4,770,000 - 5,780,000 awiriawiri, omwe amafanana ndi 9,550,000 - 11,600,000 okhwima. Europe ili ndi 90% yamapeto omaliza, chifukwa chake kutsika komwe kukuyembekezeredwa ndikofunikira padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zimachitika ku West Atlantic sizikudziwika. Ndizotheka kuti kutsika konseku kumatha kufikira 30 - 49% m'mibadwo itatu.
Chosangalatsa: Manambala a Puffin akuyembekezeka kuchepa mwachangu chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwanyengo, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kusowa kwa chakudya komwe kumadza chifukwa chakutha kwa asodzi komanso kufa kwa mbalame zazikulu m'maneti.
Chiwerengero cha ma puffins chinawonjezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za 20th ku North Sea, kuphatikiza pa May Island ndi zilumba za Farne, komwe kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawonjezeka pafupifupi 10% pachaka. Mu nyengo yobereketsa ya 2013, pafupifupi 40,000 awiriawiri adalembedwa kuzilumba za Farne, kuwonjezeka pang'ono kuchokera ku 2008. Chiwerengerochi ndicheperako poyerekeza ndi madera aku Iceland omwe ali ndi mitundu isanu miliyoni yoswana.
Pazilumba za Westmand, mbalame zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha kusaka kwambiri kuyambira 1900, ndipo chiletso cha zaka 30 chidayambitsidwa. Anthu atachira, njira ina idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kusaka kumangosungidwa mosadukiza. Kuyambira 2000, puffins yakula kwambiri ku Iceland, Norway, Faroe Islands ndi Greenland. Chikhalidwe chofananachi chikuwoneka ku United Kingdom, komwe kukula kwakumbuyo kwasinthidwa. Mbalame ya Puffin akuchoka ku Europe pang'onopang'ono, anthu ake akuti akuchepa ndi 50 - 79% mu 2020 - 2065.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 ku 21:19
