European roe deer kapena Capreolus capreolus (dzina lanyama yoyamwitsa m'Chilatini) ndi nyama yaying'ono yokongola yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango za Europe ndi Russia (Caucasus). Nthawi zambiri, malo odyetserako ziweto amapezeka kunja ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'nkhalango zotseguka zokhala ndi zitsamba zambiri, pafupi ndi minda yamitengo yambiri komanso madambo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: European roe deer
A Capreolus Capreolus ali m'gulu la Artiodactyls, banja la Deer, banja lachiwerewere. Mbawala zaku Europe zimaphatikizidwa kukhala banja limodzi limodzi ndi nswala zaku America komanso zenizeni. Pali mitundu iwiri ya banjali m'dera la Russian Federation: European roe deer ndi Siberia roe deer. Woyamba ndi woimira ang'onoang'ono mwa mitunduyo.
Mawu omwewo amachokera ku liwu lachilatini capra - mbuzi. Chifukwa chake, dzina lachiwiri la mbawala yamphongo pakati pa anthu ndi mbuzi yamtchire. Chifukwa cha malo okhala, European roe deer ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Europe: subspecies ku Italy ndi subspecies kumwera kwa Spain, komanso mphalapala zazikulu kwambiri ku Caucasus.
Kanema: Mbawala zaku Europe
Dera lakale lokhalitsa agwape linapangidwa munthawi ya Neogene. Anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi mitundu yamasiku ano adadzaza malo akumadzulo ndi pakati pa Europe, komanso gawo lina la Asia. M'nthawi ya nthawi ya Quaternary ndikusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, artiodactyls idapitilizabe kupanga malo atsopano ndikufika ku Scandinavia ndi ku Russian Plain.
Mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, malo okhala adakhala ofanana. Pokhudzana ndi zokolola zazikulu, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kudayamba kuchepa, ndipo mtunduwo, nawonso, ndikupanga midzi yakutali. M'zaka za m'ma 60-80 za m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chifukwa cholimbitsa njira zotetezera, mphalapala zidayamba kukula.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ziweto zazinyama zaku Europe
Mbawala ndi mphalapala yaying'ono, kulemera kwa munthu wokhwima (wamwamuna) kumafikira 32 kg, kutalika mpaka masentimita 127, ndikufota mpaka 82 cm (kutengera kutalika kwa thupi, zimatenga 3/5). Mofanana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama, zazikazi ndizochepa kuposa amuna. Iwo samasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lalitali, kumbuyo kwake kuli kwakukulu kuposa kutsogolo. Makutu amatalikirana, osongoka.
Mchira ndi waung'ono, mpaka 3 cm kutalika, nthawi zambiri simawoneka kuchokera pansi paubweya. Pansi pa mchira pali chimbale kapena "galasi" la caudal, lopepuka, nthawi zambiri loyera. Malo owala amathandiza mphalapala nthawi zoopsa, kukhala mtundu wa alamu kwa gulu lonselo.
Mtundu wa malayawo umadalira nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, kumakhala mdima - awa ndi mithunzi kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni-bulauni. M'chilimwe, utoto umawala kirimu wonyezimira wachikasu. Kutalika kwa thunthu ndi mutu ndizofanana. Mitundu ya anthu okhwima mwauzimu ndi yofanana ndipo siyosiyana pogonana.
Ziboda zakuda, zakuthwa kumapeto kwenikweni. Mwendo uliwonse uli ndi ziboda ziwiri (kutengera dzina la gulu). Ziboda za akazi oimira mitunduyo ali ndi ma gland apadera. Pakati pa chilimwe, amayamba kubisa chinsinsi chapadera chomwe chimafotokozera champhongo chakuyamba kwa rute.
Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amafika 30 cm m'litali, ndi chikhato cha masentimita 15, kutseka m'munsi, nthawi zambiri amakhala opindika ngati zeze, nthambi. Nyanga zimayamba kubadwa m'mwezi wachinayi wobadwa, ndipo zimakula bwino zikafika zaka zitatu. Akazi alibe nyanga.
M'nyengo yozizira iliyonse (kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala), mbawala zimatsanulira nyanga zawo. Adzakula kachiwiri kokha masika (mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi). Pakadali pano, zazimuna zimawapaka pamitengo ndi tchire. Chifukwa chake, amalemba madera awo ndipo panjira amayeretsa zotsalira za khungu ku nyanga.
Kwa anthu ena, nyangazi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osazolowereka. Sali ndi nthambi, ngati nyanga za mbuzi, nyanga iliyonse imayenda molunjika. Amuna oterewa amawononga ziweto zina. Mukamalimbana ndi dera, nyanga yoteroyo imatha kuboola mdaniyo ndikumuwononga.
Kodi mbawala zam'madzi ku Europe zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: European roe deer
Capreolus capreolus amakhala m'maiko ambiri aku Europe, Russia (Caucasus), mayiko aku Middle East:
- Albania;
- United Kingdom;
- Hungary;
- Bulgaria;
- Lithuania;
- Poland;
- Portugal;
- France;
- Montenegro;
- Sweden;
- Nkhukundembo.
Gwape wamtunduwu amasankha malo okhala ndiudzu wamtali, nkhalango, m'mbali ndi kunja kwa nkhalango zowirira. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana, nkhalango. M'nkhalango za coniferous, zimapezeka pamaso pa nkhalango zowuma. Imalowa m'malo opondereza m'mphepete mwa malamba. Koma m'chigawo cha steppes weniweni ndi theka-chipululu sichikhala.
Nthawi zambiri imapezeka pamtunda wa 200-600 m pamwamba pa nyanja, koma nthawi zina imapezekanso m'mapiri (mapiri alpine). Zinyama za Roe zimapezeka pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala m'malo olimapo, koma m'malo omwe muli nkhalango pafupi. Pamenepo mutha kuthawira pakawopsa ndikupuma.
Kuchuluka kwa nyama m'deralo kumawonjezeka kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, kumawonjezeka m'dera la nkhalango zowuma. Kusankha malo a mbawala zamphongo kumadalira kupezeka ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, komanso malo obisalapo. Izi ndizowona makamaka m'malo otseguka ndi madera omwe ali pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Kodi European roe deer amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Zinyama zaku Europe zachilengedwe
Masana, zochita za artiodactyls ndizosiyana. Nthawi zoyenda ndikupeza chakudya zimasinthidwa ndi nthawi yofuna chakudya ndi mpumulo. Nyimbo yamasiku onse imamangiriridwa pakuyenda kwa dzuwa. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri imachitika m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Zinthu zambiri zimakhudza machitidwe ndi mayimbidwe a moyo wa mbawala:
- zikhalidwe;
- chitetezo;
- kuyandikira malo okhala;
- nyengo;
- kutalika kwa nthawi masana.
Ntchentche za Roe nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito usiku komanso madzulo nthawi yotentha komanso m'mawa nthawi yozizira. Koma ngati kupezeka kwa munthu pafupi kumakhala kosavuta, nyamazo zimapita kukadya madzulo komanso usiku. Kudya ndi kutafuna chakudya kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi yonse yakudzuka mu artiodactyls (mpaka maola 16 patsiku).
M'masiku otentha a chilimwe, chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa chimachepa, ndipo masiku amvula ndi ozizira, m'malo mwake, chimakula. Kugwa, nyama imakonzekera nyengo yachisanu, kunenepa komanso kusungitsa zakudya. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo zitsamba, bowa ndi zipatso, acorn. M'nyengo yozizira, masamba owuma ndi nthambi za mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya, m'miyezi yozizira, mbawala zamphongo zimayandikira nyumba ndi minda ya anthu kufunafuna zotsalira zotsalira pambuyo pa zokolola. Nthawi zambiri samadya chomera chonsecho, nthawi zambiri amaluma kuchokera mbali zonse. Madziwo amapezeka makamaka kuchokera pachakudya chomera ndi pachikuto cha chisanu. Nthawi zina amamwa madzi a akasupe kuti apeze michere.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ziweto zazinyama zaku Europe
Mbawala zaku Europe ndizanyama zoweta, koma ziweto zake sizimawonetsedwa nthawi zonse. Mwachilengedwe chawo, mbawala zamphongo zimakonda kukhala paokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamazi zimasonkhana pamodzi ndikusamukira m'malo opanda chipale chofewa. M'nyengo yotentha, kusamukako kumabwerezedwa kukadya msipu wabwino, kenako gulu limavunda.
Ku Europe, mphalapala sizingasinthe, koma kusunthika kozungulira kumachitika m'mapiri. M'madera ena a Russia, mtunda woyenda ukufika 200 km. M'nyengo yotentha, anthu amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono: akazi okhala ndi ana a ng'ombe, amuna amodzi, nthawi zina amakhala pagulu la anthu atatu.
Masika, amuna okhwima ogonana amayamba kumenyera nkhondo gawo, ndipo kuthamangitsa wopikisana naye kamodzi sizitanthauza kuti azilamuliranso mpaka kalekale. Ngati dera lili bwino, zopikisana ndi omwe akupikisana nawo zipitilira. Chifukwa chake, amphongo amateteza gawo lawo mwankhanza, lembani chinsinsi chapadera.
Madera azimayi samasiyana kwambiri, samakonda kuteteza malowa ngati amuna. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, atatha nthawi yokwanira, zimasokera m'magulu a mitu 30. Pa kusamuka, ziweto zimachulukiranso katatu. Pamapeto pa kusamuka, ziweto zimatha, izi zimachitika pakatikati pa masika, asanabadwe achinyamata.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: European roe deer cub
Pakati pa chilimwe (Julayi-Ogasiti) nyengo yakukhwimira ya mphalapala za ku Europe zimayamba. Munthuyo amafikira kukhwima mchaka chachitatu - chachinayi cha moyo, akazi nthawi zina ngakhale koyambirira (kwachiwiri). Munthawi imeneyi, amuna amachita zankhanza, amalemba gawo lawo, amasangalala kwambiri, ndipo amamveka ngati "akuwa".
Ndewu zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi poteteza gawolo ndipo mkazi nthawi zambiri amatha kuvulaza mdani. Roe deer ali ndi gawo - amakhala malo amodzi, amabwerera kuno chaka chamawa. Malo amwamuna amaphatikizira magawo angapo oberekera, akazi omwe amamupatsa umuna amabwera pamenepo.
Gwape amakhala wamitala, ndipo nthawi zambiri atakwatira mkazi wamkazi, wamwamuna amapita kwa wina. Nthawi yamtunduwu, amuna amakhala ankhanza osati kwa amuna okhaokha, komanso kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Awa ndimasewera omwe amatchedwa kuti mating, pomwe wamwamuna mwa machitidwe ake amalimbikitsa wamkazi.
Nthawi yakukula kwa ana kumatenga miyezi 9. Komabe, imagawidwa patatha nthawi yayitali: pambuyo poti chikhalapakati, dzira silikula kwa miyezi 4.5; ndi nthawi yachitukuko (Disembala mpaka Meyi). Akazi ena omwe sanakwatire nthawi yachilimwe amapatsidwa umuna mu Disembala. Mwa anthu otere, nthawi ya latency ilibe ndipo kukula kwa mwana kumayamba nthawi yomweyo.
Mimba imatenga miyezi 5.5. Mkazi mmodzi amabereka ana awiri pachaka, achinyamata - 1, okalamba amatha kunyamula ana 3-4. Mphalapala zamphongo zomwe zangobadwa kumene sizithandiza, zimagona m'manda ndipo zikagwidwa ndi zoopsa, sizingasunthike. Amayamba kutsatira amayi sabata imodzi atabadwa. Mkazi amadyetsa anawo mkaka mpaka miyezi itatu.
Ana amaphunzira mwachangu ndipo akayamba kuyenda, pang'onopang'ono amaphunzira chakudya chatsopano - udzu. Ali ndi zaka mwezi umodzi, theka la zakudya zawo amachokera kuzomera. Pobadwa, mbawala zamphongo zimakhala ndi mawanga, omwe amasintha kukhala achikulire kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira.
Nyama zimalankhulana m'njira zosiyanasiyana:
- kununkhiza: mafinya owoneka bwino komanso thukuta, mothandizidwa ndi amunawo amalemba gawo lawo;
- Phokoso: Amuna amapanga mamvekedwe apakatikati pa nthawi yokwanira, yofanana ndi kuuwa. Chiphokoso chomwe anawo amatulutsa pangozi;
- kusuntha kwa thupi. Maimidwe ena omwe nyama imatenga nthawi zowopsa.
Adani achilengedwe a mbawala zaku Europe
Chithunzi: European roe deer male
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa mphalapala m'chilengedwe ndi nyama zolusa. Makamaka mimbulu, zimbalangondo zofiirira, agalu osochera. Artiodactyls amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu nthawi yachisanu, makamaka nthawi yachisanu. Kutumphuka kumagwera pansi pa kulemera kwa mphalapala ndipo kumatopa msanga, pomwe nkhandwe ili pamwamba pa chisanu ndipo imayendetsa nyama yake mwachangu.
Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amakodwa ndi ankhandwe, amphaka, martens. Pokhala pagulu, mbawala zamphongo zimakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wosagwidwa ndi adani. Nyama imodzi ikawonetsa chizindikiro cha alamu, otsalawo amakhala tcheru ndikusonkhanitsa mulu. Nyama imodzi ikapulumuka, "galasi" yake imawonekera bwino, zomwe ndi zomwe anthu ena amatsogozedwa nazo.
Ngakhale akuthawa, agwape amatha kulumpha mpaka 7 mita m'litali ndi 2 mita kutalika pamtunda wa 60 km / h. Kuthamanga kwa agwape sikutalika, kotalika mamita 400 pamalo otseguka ndi mamita 100 m'nkhalango, amayamba kuthamanga mozungulira, kusokoneza adani. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri kuzizira komanso chipale chofewa, nyama sizimapeza chakudya ndipo zimafa ndi njala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: European roe deer
Masiku ano, agwape aku Europe ndi chiopsezo chocheperako. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi zomwe zachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa kuteteza mitunduyo. Kuchuluka kwa anthu sikupitilira nyama 25-40 pa 1000 ha. Chifukwa cha kubereka kwake kwakukulu, imatha kubwezeretsanso nambala yake, chifukwa chake imakonda kuwonjezeka.
Capreolus Capreolus ndi mitundu yosinthika kwambiri yamabanja onse a Deer kusintha kosintha. Kudula mitengo, kuwonjezeka kwa malo olimapo, kumathandizira kuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe kwa anthu. Polumikizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zabwino kukhalapo kwawo.
Ku Europe ndi Russia, ziweto ndizazikulu kwambiri, koma m'maiko ena ku Middle East (Syria), anthu ndi ochepa ndipo amafuna chitetezo. Pachilumba cha Sicily, komanso ku Israel ndi Lebanon, mtundu uwu udatha. Mwachilengedwe, nthawi yayitali ya moyo ndi zaka 12. Artiodactyls amatha kukhala zaka 19 m'malo opangira.
Ikakula mofulumira kwambiri, anthu amadziyendetsa okha. M'madera odzaza ndi mphalapala, amatha kudwala. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwawo kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka, pakati pa mitundu yonse ya banja la Olenev ndizofunikira kwambiri pamalonda. Suede amapangidwa ndi chikopa; nyama ndi chakudya chokoma kwambiri.
European roe deer Ndi mbawala zazing'ono zokongola zomwe zimadziwika kuti zamalonda. Mwachilengedwe, chiwerengero cha anthuwa ndi chachikulu. Ndi ziweto zambiri m'dera laling'ono, zimatha kuwononga kwambiri malo obiriwira ndi mbewu zaulimi. Ili ndi mtengo wofunikira wamalonda (chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake) ndipo imakongoletsa nyama zamtchire ndi mitundu yake.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi ya 22:33
