Makoswe akulu kwambiri nyama yosowa kwambiri yomwe imakhala mobisa. Spalax giganteus ndi dzina lachilatini lanyama yomwe nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi mole, ngakhale kuti imakhala yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kachilomboka. Moyo wachinsinsi komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu kumalepheretsa kuphunzira kwathunthu za nyama.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Giant mole rat
Woimira chimphona cha banja la makoswe ndi wa mbewa zobowola, komanso zokochera ndi khoswe wa nsungwi. Amakhulupirira kuti ili ndiye nthambi yakale kwambiri pamachitidwe onga mbewa. M'mbuyomu, zimaganiziridwa kuti mtundu uliwonse wamtunduwu wasintha ndikusintha moyo wawo mobisa wokha, koma kafukufuku wamtsogolo adawonetsa ubale wawo ndikuphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi lokhalokha.
Oimira makoswe amapezeka kumayambiriro kwa Pliocene ochokera kumadzulo kwa Ukraine, kumpoto kwa dera la Volga, ku Ciscaucasia, ku Trans-Urals. Kafukufuku wa cytogenetic atsimikizira kachigawo kakang'ono ka mtundu wa Spalax Güldenstaedt - makoswe. Palibe zotsalira zakale za mbewa yayikulu kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya Halocene isanapezeke.
Kanema: Makoswe akulu kwambiri
M'mbuyomu, mtundu uwu wa makoswe unkatengedwa ngati gawo limodzi la wamba, ngakhale panali kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi kukula kwake. Kupatukana kwa nyama izi m'magulu osiyana, pamabowo omwe ali mgulu la occipital, ndizosatheka. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mu mbewa yaying'ono, osati mabowo, koma maenje ochepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumasiyana. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala awiri, koma palinso amodzi, ndipo atatu, chimphona chimakhala ndi dzenje limodzi.
Mtundu wamakoswe amtunduwu umaphatikizapo, kuwonjezera pa chimphona, mitundu ina inayi:
- wamba;
- mchenga;
- Chibukaniya;
- @alirezatalischioriginal
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mtundu wa makoswe ang'onoang'ono, omwe amaphatikizira ang'ono, Palestina komanso osalira. Nyama zimasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula, komanso malo okhala, moyo wawo ndi wofanana. Nyamazo ndizosaona, palibe ngakhale maso omwe achepetsedwa, amabisika pansi pa khungu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chinyama chachikulu cha mbewa
Mu makoswe ngati mbewa, chilichonse chimasinthidwa kukhala moyo wapansi panthaka. Thupi lamphamvu ngati chipolopolo, lokhala ndi mutu wowongoka wolunjika pamphuno, pafupifupi palibe kusintha kulikonse pakhosi. Zosafunika, ma auricles sanapangidwe, ndipo mchira suli pafupi kuwululidwa.
Mikwingwirima yamiyala yoluka idadutsa kuchokera m'makutu kupita kumphuno; amatenga gawo la vibrissae, kutenga nawo gawo pakukhudza. Vibrissae amapezekanso pamimba, pamphumi, kumbuyo kwa thupi. Mphuno ndi yayikulu, yolimba, yokhala ndi makola okutira mphuno, kuwateteza ku kulowa kwa tinthu tanthaka mukamakumba.
Milomo yake imawoneka ngati ikuyenda mozungulira mkombero wakunja, womwe umatuluka mwamphamvu mkamwa. Komanso, pa nsagwada zakumtunda komanso zapansi, pamakhala ma molars atatu mbali iliyonse. Zowonjezera ndizazikulu komanso zazikulu modabwitsa, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Mbali yayikulu kutsogolo ili ndi mafupa amphuno ndi m'kamwa mwachidule kuposa mitundu ina yofananira, ndipo occiput ili pansi. Milomo imangotsegula pakamwa mukamadya.
Zotupa za rodent ndizofupikitsa, zala zisanu, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa yakutsogolo, zikhadabo ndizochepa. Ana anyani, mosiyana ndi nyama zina zambiri zobowola, samakula bwino. Nyama yokwawa imakwera m'mitsinje. Uyu ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri pabanjapo, wokulirapo komanso wolumikizika pang'ono, ngati khushoni ya mutaka, imatha kufikira 700-1000 g.Nkhonoyo imatha kutalika masentimita 30, ndipo kutalika kwa phazi lakumbuyo kuli pafupifupi 37 mm.
Mfupi, wandiweyani ubweya wopanda pansi. Ili ndi mtundu wobiriwira, wowala womwe umawonekera ndi msinkhu, makamaka pamwamba pamutu. Mimba nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda ndi mithunzi yaimvi. Kutalika kwakanthawi kotsalira kwa tsitsi kumalola kuti nyama iziyenda momasuka mu ma labyrinths ake, onse kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Tsitsi la mbewa limakwanira bwino kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira, ndipo mbali inayo, izi zimalola kuti ziziyenda bwino "zitelere" mkati mwa mutu wabowola koyambirira ndi chammbuyo.
Kodi chimphona chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Giant mole rat Red Book
Gawo logawanika kwa mbewa yovutayi yokhala ndi moyo wapansi panthaka ndiyochepa.
Amapezeka:
- m'malo omwe ali chipululu kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ciscaucasia;
- mkati mwa malo otsika a mitsinje ya Terek ndi Kuma;
- kumunsi kotsika kwa Sulak;
- kumwera kwa Makhachkala kupita ku Gudermes.
Kumpoto, midzi yake imafika:
- kumayiko akumwera a dera la Astrakhan;
- kumwera kwa Kalmykia.
Madera ang'onoang'ono ndi akutali ndi awa:
- kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Ural;
- m'dera la Kara-Agach;
- kufupi ndi mitsinje Temir, Emba, Uil;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dera la Guryev;
- kumadzulo kwa dera la Atyubinsk.
Nyamayo imakonda zipululu zamchenga komanso zouma, koma imakhazikika m'malo momwe muli chinyezi: m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'madambo a ndevu ndi lacustrine madera komanso nkhalango, zimapezekanso m'nkhalango. Amakonda dothi la mabokosi. Nyamayo imatha kuwona pamtunda wa 1400-2400 m pamwamba pamadzi. m., nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 1500-1600 m.
Chosangalatsa: Kuwona kwa mbewa yotulutsidwa m'deralo momwe munalibe anthu ena, zikuwonetsa kuti m'miyezi inayi idamanga milu 284.
Komwe gulu la anthu limakhala, milu yayikulu imaphimba pafupifupi 15% yamderali. M'chaka, makoswe amayamba kupanga njira zatsopano zodyetsera, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito chilimwe chonse. Poyenda pambali pawo, mbeuyo imagwira mizu yomwe ikuphukirayo, ndikukoka chomera chonsecho kumbuyo kwawo. M'dzinja, ayambanso kukumba mwachangu mavesi, koma ntchito izi sizimadziwika kwenikweni. Nyamazo zimakulitsa maulalo apansi, kapena zipinda zodyeramo, koma sizimakankhira nthaka kunja, koma zimatsekera njira zodyeramo.
Makoswe amapanganso kuyenda kwakanthawi. M'nyengo yozizira, amayandikira pafupi ndi malamba a m'nkhalango. Pali chipale chofewa, nthaka imatetezedwa ku kuzizira ndipo sizimaundana kwambiri, ndipo mizu yolimba ndiyomwe imapatsa chakudya. Masika, amayandikira kuminda yomwe ili ndi udzu wosatha.
Chosangalatsa: Makoswe a mole amakumba mabowo mumchenga wothamanga pafupifupi 2.5 cm / ola kapena 850 mm mumphindi 20, panthawiyi, kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi 25,000 cm3.
Kodi chimphona chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Giant mole rat
Nyama iyi ndi mbewa, chifukwa chake, imadya mizu yonse ya zomera yomwe imapeza panjira yake. Sikuti zimangoluma mizu ndi ma tubers, mababu, komanso amatha kukokera chomeracho mdzenje. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamazi, monga makoswe ena ambiri, zimasungira zinthu zawo nthawi yachisanu. M'zitetezo zawo, mungapeze makilogalamu angapo a corms, rhizomes, ndi zina zotero.
Pamndandanda wamakoswe a mole pamakhala mayina okwana 40 azomera zosiyanasiyana, amakonda kupangidwa ndi Compositae, nyemba, labiates, komanso mbewa, samakoka chilichonse mkamwa, koma amasankha mitundu yolimidwa yowutsa mudyo, yomwe imavulaza kwambiri zaulimi, makamaka amadandaula amalonda achinsinsi. Ndi iwo omwe amataya mwakhama, kumasula, kupukuta, kuthira madzi, kupangitsa nthaka kudekha, ndi zomerazo zikhale zokoma komanso zopatsa madzi. Chifukwa chake makoswe a mole akuyesetsa kupeza minda ndi minda ya anthu okhala mchilimwe.
Kuchokera kuzomera zakutchire, chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mizu ya chicory, grassgrass, chowawa, hyposphilus (kachima), bony hair, juzgun. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, mbewa, yokolola mizu, imadya gawo lakumtunda. M'minda yamasamba imawononga mbatata, kaloti, beets, turnips. Nyama zimakonda kwambiri masamba obiriwira, komwe amakulira, m'malo okhala nyama iyi, masango amphaka amapangidwa nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa: M'zipinda zamphaka zazikulu zazikulu, 15 kg zamasamba mpaka 18 kg ya mbatata zidapezeka.
M'nyengo yachilimwe, mbewa zimadya chakudya patsiku, chofanana mulingo ndi unyinji wake - pafupifupi magalamu 700. Ngati idadyanso nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti ngakhale masheya akulu azikwanira kwa mwezi umodzi wokha. Pakadali pano, zochepa zomwe aphunzira zokhudza moyo wake m'nyengo yozizira. Zachidziwikire, gawo la nkhokwe zamagetsi limadyedwa ndi mafuta ochepera, gawo lina la chakudyacho limachokera kuchipinda, ndizotheka kuti nyama zipitilirabe kupeza mizu yoti idye.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama yamphongo yayikulu kwambiri
Makoswe amphongo amakumba maenje atali atali ndi akuya pamtunda wa masentimita 20-80. Nthawi zambiri, ma foleji amakonzedwa m'magulu awiri, ndikukwawa nawo, nyama imapeza chakudya. Kuchokera mu ngalandezi njira zazitali zimalowera kutsika. Ma network a tunnel, okhala ndimipando yayikulu yotuluka kuchokera mbali, ndi zipinda zosungira, amatembenukira kumsewu waukulu, kumene chisa (nthawi zina 2-3) ndi zipinda zingapo zosungira (ma 3-15 ma PC.) Ndi chakudya ndi zimbudzi zili.
Makina okhala ndi mipikisano yambiri ndi dongosolo lovuta, ngati mutayika magawo onse mu tcheni chimodzi, kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala kilometre, ndipo chipinda chodyeracho chimabisika pakuya kwa masentimita 120-320, ndimezo zitha kuyikidwa mpaka mamita atatu. Zovala zazingwe zimawoneka ngati zipinda zapanja, "zosindikizidwa" mbali zonse ziwiri ndi dziko lapansi.
Nthawi zambiri nyama zapansi panthaka zimakumba njira zawo ndi mawoko awo, koma makoswe amakhala ndi ukadaulo wawo, thupi lonse la mbewa limasinthidwa. Amapanga njira yake mothandizidwa ndi ma incis aatali, samakumba, koma amaluma m'nthaka. Ndicho chifukwa chake milomo yake, yokhala ndi makutu, imaphimba pakamwa pake osati pamwamba komanso pansi, komanso pakati pazitsulo zakumtunda ndi zapansi, kuti dziko lapansi lisagwe panthawi yokumba.
Amakankhira nthaka kubowo ndi mutu wawo. Pafupi ndi khomo lolowera, pali milu yayikulu yadothi, imaphimba ndikutseka khomo, ndipo yatsopano imakumbidwa moyandikana. Pansi pake, mulu wa dziko lapansi uli ndi theka la mita kapena kupitirira apo.
Pakakhala kovuta kukankhira kunja, mbewa imatseka dzenje ndi nthaka, ndipo yatsopanoyo imakumba kumapeto kwa kukhotakhota ndikupanga china. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wina, ndimachitidwe ake oyenda, uli ndi mamiliyoni pafupifupi 250 a dziko lapansi. Amayikidwa pakhomo lolowera pamtunda wa masentimita 10 mpaka 75, ndipo mtunda pakati pa milu ndi 20-100 cm.
Makoswe a mole amakhala okhaokha ndipo wamkulu aliyense amakhala ndi khola lake lokhala ndi ma tunnel ndi zipinda zosungira. Kuda komwe amakhala kumatha kuwonedwa osati ndi "ma molehill", komanso ndi zomera zowuma, mizu yomwe adadya, kapena ngakhale kusapezeka kwa mitundu ya anthu, yomwe adakokera mdzenje. Izi makoswe akhungu molt kawiri. Nthawi yoyamba ili m'miyezi yachisanu, nthawi yachiwiri ndi Ogasiti - Okutobala.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Khola lalikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku Red Book
Banja la makoswe a mole, omwe amakhala moyandikana nthawi zonse, mdera lomwelo amatha kukumba ma tunnel kudera la mahekitala angapo. Pakutha nyengo yozizira, munthawi yozizira komanso yanjala kwambiri ya nyama izi, mayeso amphongo amafika pakukula ndi kukula kwakukulu.
Mazira amakula mwa akazi pofika March. Munthu aliyense, wokhala ndi mabowo osiyana siyana, amatseka magawo a chilimwe m'nyengo yozizira. Pakadali pano, dothi lapamwamba lidakali louma ndipo mbewa iliyonse imakhala yokhayokha. Koma apanga bwino mphamvu zonse, kupatula kuwona.
Zimatulutsa mkokomo ndi fungo linalake kuti zikope chidwi. Koma ngakhale ali ndi kumva kwabwino komanso kununkhiza, zimakhalabe chinsinsi momwe amakwanitsira kuthana ndi 10-15 kapena mita yopitilira pakati pa mabowo oyandikana nawo panthaka yachisanu. Momwe izi zimachitikira sizikudziwika, milu yadzikoli ya nthaka sichimawoneka pamwamba, koma pafupifupi theka la akazi amakwanitsa kumaliza masiku ndipo kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo amabereka ana.
Nyama zimakhala ndi ana kamodzi pachaka. Pazinyalala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ana awiri kapena anayi amaliseche komanso opanda thandizo, olemera g 5. Pakudya mkaka, makandawo amakhala mchisa, pakatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka amayenda momasuka panjira za mumphangayo. Pofika nyengo yophukira, achinyamata amasiya maenje awo a makolo ndikuyamba kupanga maukonde awo a labyrinths mobisa. M'nyengo yozizira, ntchito za nyama zimachepa, komanso amadya chakudya chocheperako.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pa hekitala imodzi ya namwali, pazaka zinayi nyama zoyamwitsa zamanga milu yokwanira pafupifupi 3.5 zikwi. Voliyumu yawo inali 13 cubic metres.
Adani achilengedwe a makoswe akuluakulu
Chithunzi: Giant mole rat
Zinyama zamseri zomwe zikuyenda mobisa zilibe mdani m'chilengedwe. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimaukiridwa mukasamukira kwina. Amatha kusakidwa ndi nkhandwe, mbalame zazikulu zolusa, nyama za banja la weasel.
Chosangalatsa: Khoswe wakhungu, yemwe adapezeka mwangozi padziko lapansi, amawundana koyamba, mwachidziwikire kuti akuyesera kuti adziyese, kenako ndikuyamba kuzungulira, ndikubwerera m'mbuyo, pambuyo pake amayesetsa kudzibisa mobisa posachedwa.
Mavesi ndi mabowo omwe makoswe amasiya amakhala ndi nyama zolusa: mavalidwe, ma weasels, ma light ndi ma ferrets akuda.
Chosangalatsa: Kugwa, kuwala kofiirira nthawi zambiri kumapita kukasaka mbewa ya mole. Kudzera m'mabowo odyetsera osatsekedwa, amalowa mumipiringidzo yokhotakhota, ndikuyenda pakati pawo, ndikupeza mwini wake ndikupha, kudya nyama, ndikukhala mu dzenjelo. Nthawi zina pachaka, chilombochi chimadya mavuu, agologolo, ndi mbewa.
Zigawo zamagawo omwe sakugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wakhungu wakhungu amakhala ndi gopher, voles, ndi hamsters.
Makoswe am'mimba amavulazidwa ndi ntchito zaulimi za anthu, kulima malo odyetserako ziweto ndi ma steppes. Koma popeza mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri umakhala m'malo am'chipululu omwe sakulonjeza zaulimi, mmaderawa mulibe chiwopsezo chothetsa makoswe ndi anthu. Nyamayo imatha kusakidwa ndi agalu obowola, ndipo mbewa zazing'ono zosamukira zimatha kusakidwa ndi amphaka.
M'minda yamasamba, munthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti atulutse nyama izi, komanso misampha, misampha. Koma popeza makoswe samabwera pamwamba, kutchera kotere sikothandiza. Njira yabwino ndikututumukira ndi kupangika kwa akupanga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chinyama chachikulu cha mbewa
Makoswe akuluakulu amakhala pafupifupi mahekitala 37,000, awa ndi malo okhalamo ambiri, ndipo madera amchenga omwe akukhalamo alibe chidwi ndi ulimi, womwe umatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa anthu.
Pakati pamtunduwu, zimachitika m'malo osiyana. Zambiri paz kuchuluka kwa nyama sizodalirika ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsutsana. M'zaka za m'ma 60 zapitazo, ziwetozo zidali pafupifupi anthu 25 zikwi. Kuyambira pa ma 70, manambala adayamba kuchepa kwambiri, kufikira anthu 2-3 m'ma 80 kudera la mahekitala 10,000.
Ku Dagestan (malo okhalamo), kuchuluka kwawo koyambirira kwa ma 80s sikunali zitsanzo zoposa 1200, ndipo malinga ndi chidziwitso china, ndi zitsanzo za 88, 10 zikwi. Kutsika kumalumikizidwa ndi ntchito zaulimi za anthu. Kumalo komwe ntchito zotere sizinachitike, kuchuluka kwa makoswe kunakula.
M'zaka zapitazi, kuwunikaku sikunachitike, koma zochitika za anthropogenic za anthu zidachepa kwambiri, zomwe zikadayenera kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa ziweto. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumayesedwa ngati kolimba.
Kuteteza makoswe akulu kwambiri
Chithunzi: Khola lalikulu kwambiri kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuchepetsa malo okhala makoswewa kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha mchere wamchere, nthawi yodyetsa, polima. Izi zitha kuyika nyama m'malo osavomerezeka ndikubweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo.
Mu International Red Book, chimphona chachikulu chotchedwa mole mole chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chotetezeka. Red Book of the Russian Federation inanena kuti ndi mitundu yachilendo ya gulu lachitatu. Wogona akugona m'malo otetezedwa a Dagestan ndi Chechnya (Stepnoy ndi Parabochevsky malo achitetezo m'chigawo cha Shelkovsky, malo osungira zachilengedwe a Yangiyurtovsky - dera la Kizilyurtovsky, Khamamatyurtovsky ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe a Agrakhansky - chigawo cha Babayurtovsky)
Pakadali pano, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kunalembedwa ku Chechnya, pafupifupi mpaka kukafika posowa, m'mbali mwa banki lamanja la Terek, m'chigawo cha Dagestan (kumpoto kwa mudzi wa Krainovka, Novo-Terechnoye). Koma kudera lonse la Dagestan, palibe kuchepa kwa malowa. Kuopsa kwa makoswe kumachitika chifukwa chochepa kubereka.
Kuti mubwezeretse ndikusunga zamoyo, m'pofunika kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa zochitika za anthu, komwe kumakhala chimphona chachikulu kwambiri, Pangani madera ena otetezedwa.Kuwunika kosalekeza kumapangitsa kuti anthu asinthe. Njira zimafunikira kuti zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa nyama izi, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobwezeretsanso.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/26/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/18/2019 ku 22:33
