Nkhanu ya Kamchatka Amatchedwanso Royal chifukwa cha kukula kwake kodabwitsa. Moyo wapansi wapansi panyanja ndiwosangalatsa ngati zamoyo, ndiyofunikanso pakuwona zachuma, chifukwa ndichinthu chogulitsira malonda. Malo okhalamo ndi otakata. Nkhanu ya Kamchatka ndi m'modzi mwa oimira zoo ochepa omwe adachita bwino pantchito yobwezeretsanso anthu.
Chiyambi ndi kufotokoza kwa mitunduyo
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Kamchatka
Nkhanu ya Kamchatka (Paralithode camtschaticus) imadziwika kuti ndi yofanana ndi nkhanu, komabe, malinga ndi mtundu wazinyama, idayamba pakupanga chitukuko kuchokera ku nkhanu za banja la Craboids, mtundu wonse wa Paralithode.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi nkhanu ndi miyendo isanu yoyenda, yofupikitsidwa komanso yobisika pansi pa chipolopolocho, komanso mimba yopanda mawonekedwe osasunthika yokhala ndi zishango zachikazi mu akazi. Miyendo ing'onoing'ono ya nkhanu zodzitetezera imagwira kugwira chipolopolocho. Pakusintha, nkhanu ya Kamchatka idasiya kukhala mchikopa motero kufunika kogwira kunazimiririka. Miyendo yachisanu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka minyewa.
Nkhanu imayenda mothandizidwa ndi magulu anayi a miyendo, ndikuwayendetsa motsatana. Imayenda mwachangu ndithu, komwe mayendedwe ake amayenda ndi mbali.
Pamimba, mokhotakhota ndikufupikitsidwa, pali mbale zing'onozing'ono ndi micropods, asymmetry yomwe imatsimikizira chiyambi cha arthropod kuchokera ku mitundu yomwe mimba imapindika mozungulira.
Kanema: Nkhanu ya Kamchatka
Mphamvu zakukhudza ndi kununkhira zimaperekedwa ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zonenepa zomwe zili pamenepo. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri kudya, kuthandiza pakusaka ndi kusankha chakudya.
Pamene munthu akukula, mafupa amasintha, kapena kusungunuka. Pafupipafupi molting koyambirira kwa moyo, makamaka pakukula kwa mphutsi, ndizokwera ndipo sizimachitika pafupipafupi, mpaka 1-2 pachaka mwa munthu wamkulu, ndipo pakutha kwa moyo zimachitika kamodzi kokha zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri nkhanu ziyenera kutulutsidwa zimayang'aniridwa ndi tiziwalo timene timapezeka pamapesi a diso. Pamaso pa chimango chakale, mbali zofewa za nyamayi zidakutidwa kale ndi chipolopolo chosalimba. Nkhanu ya Kamchatka imakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Kamchatka yamoyo
Thupi la nkhanu limakhala ndi magawo awiri - cephalothorax, yomwe ili pansi pa chipolopolo chotetezera, ndi m'mimba, womwe umapindika pansi pa cephalothorax. Maso amatetezedwa ndi kakhonde kakang'ono ka carapace kapena mulomo. Carpax ili ndi singano zotchinga zooneka ngati minga, 6 yomwe ili pamwamba pamtima ndipo 11 pamwamba pamimba.
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yoteteza, chipolopolocho chimagwiranso ntchito yothandizira komanso yotulutsira kunja, chifukwa ulusi wamtundu womwe umayenda umamangiriridwa mkati. Pamalo ofananira ndi chipolopolo pali ziwalo zopumira - mitsempha. Mchitidwe wamanjenje umaimiridwa ndi unyolo wa mitsempha yolumikizana yomwe ili pansi pa cephalothorax ndi pamimba. Mtima uli kumbuyo ndipo mmimba uli kumutu.
Mwa miyendo isanu, nkhanu imagwiritsa ntchito zinayi zokha poyenda. Magawo achisanu omwe achepetsedwa amabisika pansi pa carapace ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka mitsempha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Kugwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo mumfumu nkhanu kumasiyana ndi mtundu wa ntchito yomwe idachitidwa. Chikhadabo chakumanzere cha nkhanu chimadula chakudya chofewa, ndipo chakumanja chimaphwanya cholimba - nkhono za kunyanja zomwe zimakhala pansi, zipolopolo zam'madzi osiyanasiyana. Zikhomera zimasiyana kukula, zokulirapo ndizolondola, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
Amuna, m'lifupi thupi zimasiyanasiyana 16 mpaka 25 cm ndi kulemera ukufika 7 kg. Mtunda pakati pa malekezero a miyendo yayitali mwa anthu akulu kwambiri umatenga pafupifupi 1.5 m. Akazi ndi ochepa - thupi mpaka 16 cm, kulemera kwake pafupifupi 4 kg. Mkazi amasiyananso pamaso pamimba yozungulira komanso yosasinthasintha.
Mtundu wa nkhanu ya Kamchatka pamwamba ndi wofiira ndi utoto wofiirira, pamalo ofananira pali madera ndi mabotolo ooneka ngati utoto wofiirira, mtundu wa nkhanu ndi wopepuka - kuyambira woyera mpaka wachikasu.
Kodi nkhanu ya Kamchatka imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhanu Yaikulu ya Kamchatka
Yafala kwambiri kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean, komwe zida zamtunduwu zimapezeka kwambiri m'chigawo cha Kamchatka mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk, komanso ku Bering Sea. Nkhanu imakhalanso pagombe laku America ku Bristol Bay, Norton Bay komanso kufupi ndi zilumba za Aleutian. M'nyanja ya Japan, malo okhala amadziwika kum'mwera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku Soviet adapanga ndikusunthira mitunduyo kupita ku Nyanja ya Barents.
Zinthu zatsopano zachilengedwe zimasiyana ndimikhalidwe yanthawi zonse (mchere wochepa, kutentha, kusintha kwa kutentha kwapachaka). Njira zophunzitsira zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira 1932, molimbikitsidwa ndi cholinga chachikulu - kukwaniritsa phindu lazachuma posodza m'madzi awo, kupewa mpikisano waukulu wochokera ku Japan ndi mayiko ena.
Kuyesera koyamba kunyamula nkhanu kunachitika ndi njanji ndipo sizinapambane - anthu onse amwalira, nthawi yoyenda inali yayitali, zidatenga masiku opitilira 10. Pambuyo pake, m'ma 60s, mayendedwe a ndege adachitika, zomwe zidatenga kanthawi kochepa. Chifukwa chake, kutumizidwa koyamba kwa ma arthropods kudatumizidwa ndikuwongolera. Pambuyo pake, m'ma 70s, mayendedwe adachitika mgalimoto zankhondo ndipo anali opambana kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha kuwukira ku North Atlantic, gulu lodziyimira lokhala ndi anthu ambiri lodziwikiratu komanso lodziwongolera lakhazikitsidwa. Zogulitsa zamphongo zazikulu zimachitika. Kugwira anyamata ndi akazi ndikoletsedwa.
Kodi nkhanu ya Kamchatka imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Kamchatka king
Chakudya cha mitundu iyi ndichosiyanasiyana ndipo nkhanu ndi nyama yolusa.
Onse okhala kunyanja ndi chakudya:
- molluscs osiyanasiyana;
- plankton;
- nyongolotsi;
- Zikopa zam'nyanja;
- nkhanu;
- okwera;
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- nyenyezi zam'nyanja.
Zinyama zazing'ono zimadya:
- ndere;
- Zamoyo za hydroid;
- nyongolotsi.
Pa nthawi ya moyo wawo, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimasunthira kwambiri pazakudya. Kusunthira kuchoka ku chilengedwe kupita ku china, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri mumadongosolo ena imakhala chakudya.
Zikhadabo zamphamvu zimakhala ngati chida chabwino kwambiri, ndipo nkhanu imapeza chakudya chofunikira mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kupha munthu, nkhanu siyidya kwathunthu, ndipo unyinji wake umataika. Nkhanu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya cha nyama zotsalira za nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi, zoyeretsa malo amadzi. Pambuyo pa kulandila nkhanu m'madzi a kunyanja zakumpoto, kulibe malingaliro osatsutsika okhudza momwe othawa kwawo akukhudzidwira pazachilengedwe zam'deralo.
Asayansi ena amatsutsa kuyesaku, kuwopa kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu yachilengedwe yaomwe akukhala kunyanja zakumpoto, komwe nkhanu ya Kamchatka imapikisana nayo pazosowa za chakudya komanso yomwe imadya. Mukatha kudya kwambiri mitundu ina ya zamoyo, nkhanu imatha kudzetsa kuchepa ngakhalenso kutha. Akatswiri ena amalankhula zabwino za zotsatira za mawu oyambawa, ndikugogomezera phindu lachuma.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'moyo wawo, nyamakazi imakonda zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, munthu yemwe watsala pang'ono kusamba posachedwa amasankha zamoyo zokhala ndi calcium yambiri, monga echinoderms, kuti azidya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Kamchatka
Mphamvu yolimba ya nyamakazi, yoteteza komanso kuthandizira, nthawi yomweyo imalepheretsa kukula pakati pa nthawi zosintha. Chinyama chimakula munthawi yochepa (nthawi zambiri osaposa masiku atatu), pomwe chimango cholimba chakale chimatayidwa, ndipo chatsopanocho chikadali chofewa komanso chowoneka bwino sichimasokoneza kukula kwake kofulumira. Kukula kukukula, chivundikirocho chimadzaza kwambiri ndi mchere wa calcium ndipo kukula kwake kumasiya mpaka molt wotsatira.
Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa carapace kumasiyana pamachitidwe:
- mpaka maulendo 12 pambuyo pakupanga mphutsi chaka chonse;
- mpaka kasanu ndi kawiri, mocheperako mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo;
- Kawiri kawiri mchaka chonse chamoyo kuyambira chaka chachitatu mpaka chachisanu ndi chinayi cha moyo wa munthu;
- 1 nthawi kuyambira zaka zisanu ndi zinayi mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri za moyo;
- 1 zaka ziwiri zilizonse, kuyambira azaka khumi ndi zitatu kufikira kumapeto kwa moyo wake.
Pakusungunuka, chinyama chimayesetsa kupeza pobisalira kapena paphompho lamiyala, chifukwa chimakhala chodzitchinjiriza chopanda chimango cholimba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Molting samangokhudza chivundikiro chakunja cha nkhanu, komanso kukonzanso ziwalo zamkati - zipolopolo zam'mero, m'mimba ndi m'matumbo zimapangidwanso. Mitsempha ndi ma tendon omwe amalumikiza ulusi wamtunduwo ku exoskeleton amathanso kupangidwanso. Matenda amtima amakhalanso atsopano.
Woyimira mtundu uwu ndi nyamakazi yogwira ntchito, yomwe imapanga mayendedwe osamukira nthawi zonse. Njira yoyenda siyisintha, kubwereza chaka chilichonse. Chifukwa chosamukira ndikusintha kwakanthawi kwamadzi kutentha kwa madzi komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya, komanso chibadwa chobereka.
Chifukwa chake, pakayamba nyengo yozizira, nkhanu imamira pansi pamadzi akuya mkati mwa 200-270 m. Ndikutentha, imabwerera kumadzi osaya ofunda odzaza ndi chakudya. Nkhanu zimasuntha mwaunyinji, zimasonkhana m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Amuna omwe afika zaka khumi ndipo akazi azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu amakhala okonzeka kuswana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhanu ya Sea Kamchatka
Masika atangoyamba, amuna amayamba ulendo wopita kumadzi osaya. Akazi amayenda mbali imodzi, koma m'magulu osiyana. Mkazi amakhala ndi mazira okhwima kale pamiyendo yomwe ili pamimba. Pafupi ndi madzi osaya, mphutsi zimatuluka m'mazira ndipo zimatengeka ndi zamakono. Pakadali pano, mazira atsopano anali atapangidwa kale kumaliseche kwa akazi, omwe atsala pang'ono kuti apange umuna.
Poyambira kusungunuka, amuna ndi akazi onse amabwera pafupi ndikupanga mawonekedwe - wamwamuna amanyamula chachikazi ndi zikhadabo zonse, ngati kugwirana chanza. Kugwira kumapitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa molt, nthawi zina yamphongo imathandizira wosankhidwa kuti adzimasule ku chimango chakale. Molt utatha (pafupifupi, kuyambira masiku atatu mpaka asanu ndi awiri), wamwamuna amataya tepi yokhala ndi ma cell agonana - spermatophores, yomwe imakhazikika pamiyendo ya mkazi. Mwamuna, pomaliza ntchitoyo, amachotsedwa komanso molts.
Patapita kanthawi (kuyambira maola angapo mpaka masiku angapo), mkazi amatulutsa mazira (kuyambira 50 mpaka 500 zikwi), omwe amakumana ndi nthiti yamphongo, amapatsidwa umuna. Chinthu chapadera chomata chimasonkhanitsa mazira pamodzi ndikuwaphatika ku villi pamiyendo ya m'mimba ya mkazi, komwe amapita patsogolo mpaka kumapeto kwa masika, kwa miyezi 11. Mkazi amabereka kamodzi pachaka, mchaka, pomwe amuna amatha kuchita zazikazi ndi akazi angapo.
Mphutsi zomwe zatuluka m'mazira zimakhala za miyezi iwiri m'mbali mwa madzi ndipo zimatengedwa ndi pano; panthawiyi ya chitukuko, mpaka 96% ya mphutsi zimafa. Pambuyo pa mphutsi zotsalira zimamira pansi, m'nkhalango za algae, komwe amakhala zaka zitatu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala molt, amadutsa magawo angapo amakulidwe. Kenako achinyamata amasunthira kumadera amchenga. Kusamuka kumayamba atakwanitsa zaka 5, nthawi zina zaka 7.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhanu za Kamchatka
Chithunzi: Crab King
Pali adani ochepa achilengedwe mwa akuluakulu akuluakulu a mitunduyi, chifukwa nkhanu imakhala ndi chitetezo chabwino - chipolopolo chodalirika komanso cholimba, chomwe, chimakhala ndi singano zakuthwa. Nyama zazikulu zokha zam'madzi ndizokhoza kugonjetsa nkhanu wamkulu.
Anthu ocheperako amakhala ndi adani ambiri, pakati pawo:
- nsomba zolusa;
- Pacific cod;
- nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere;
- nyanja otter;
- gobies;
- nyamazi;
- nkhanu zazikulu zazikulu, zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (intraspecific cannibalism amadziwika).
Panthawi ya kusungunula nkhanu, nkhanu imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndikukakamizidwa kufunafuna pogona. Munthu sakhala m'gulu la adani achilengedwe amtunduwo, komabe, chifukwa cha kugulitsa kosalamulirika, kupha nyama mosaka nyama, munthu ali ndi mwayi woti akhale mdani wamtunduwu. Chifukwa chake, pagawo la boma, kuchuluka kwatsimikizika kuti agwire arthropod, kuti agwiritse ntchito nkhokwe za anthu mosamala momwe angathere, osafooketsa kuchuluka kwawo komanso kuti athe kuchira.
Zochita zaumunthu zimasokoneza moyo wam'madzi, makamaka nkhanu ya Kamchatka. Zinyalala zamakampani, pulasitiki, mafuta zimadetsa kukula kwa nyanja ndi nyanja, zomwe zimakhudza zomera ndi nyama zonse. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yonse ya nyama imatha kapena yatsala pang'ono kutha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhanu yamfumu yayikulu
Kusamuka kwa nkhanu yamfumu kumachitika m'magulu a anthu, pomwe akazi ndi abambo amasuntha padera, amakumana kamodzi pachaka, masika, kuti akwere. Achinyamata amasunthanso padera, ndikupanga magulu azinyama zazing'ono. Anthu a nkhanu m'dera la Kamchatka tsopano achepetsedwa kwambiri, pazifukwa zomwezo, nsomba zazikulu komanso zosalamulirika.
M'nyanja ya Barents, komwe kudayambitsidwa kwa mitunduyo kudachitika, zinthu sizili choncho. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa adani ambiri achilengedwe oyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu, nyamakazi yachifumu idafalikira mwachangu m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Barents. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera koipa, anthu mu 2006 anali opitilira 100 miliyoni ndipo akupitilizabe kukula.
Nyamayi imapha msanga mitundu yazachilengedwe, nkhono ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimadzetsa nkhawa zakuti zachilengedwe za m'nyanja ya Barents zikupitilirabe pakati pa akatswiri ambiri azamoyo.
Kuyambira 2004, Russia idayamba kupanga malonda. Zokolola zololedwa zimatsimikizika chaka chilichonse kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri pakadali pano pakukula kwa anthu.
Nkhanu ya Kamchatka nyamakazi yosangalatsa yokhala ndi mayendedwe apadera otukuka. Oimira amtunduwu adakwanitsa kupititsa patsogolo njira yoyambira ndi kuzolowera kumpoto kwa Barents Sea. Asayansi akuneneratu mosiyanasiyana momwe kuwukiraku kudzakhudzire kukhulupirika kwachilengedwe cham'madzi mtsogolo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03/16/2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:05
