Mmodzi mwa anthu okondedwa kwambiri m'nthano wamba ndi wamba Kalulu... Ndi wamantha pang'ono, wonyada, koma mwachangu kwambiri komanso wanzeru. Anthu sanatengere makhalidwe onsewa "kuchokera kudenga", koma adaziyang'ana pa chilengedwe. Kupatula apo, kalulu ndi nyama yochenjera kwambiri komanso yopanda tanthauzo, yomwe, ngakhale ndichinthu chokoma kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu, idakali yopanda vuto ngati momwe imaonekera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kalulu kalulu
Lamulo la Lagomorph lili kale zaka pafupifupi 65 miliyoni, chifukwa lidayamba kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yamaphunziro apamwamba. Iwo unayambira pa nthambi ya zinyama. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti inachokera kwa makolo a masiku ano a ungulates. Kalulu wofiirira, limodzi ndi wachibale wapafupi kwambiri, kalulu woyera, nthawi ina amaimira mtundu umodzi woyambirira. Koma pambuyo pake adagawika mitundu iwiri mothandizidwa ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.
Kalulu waku Europe ndi woimira banja la Zaitsev (Leporidae), wochokera ku mtundu wa Zaitsev. Ili ndi ma subspecies angapo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe akunja:
- Kalulu wachi Russia wapakati (L. e. Hybridus);
- Kalulu wopondereza (L. e. Tesquorum);
- Kalulu waku Europe (L. europaeus).
Rusak ndi nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri ya hares. Kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi makilogalamu 4-6, nthawi zina kumafikira 7 kg. Kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa, anthu akulu ndi ofala kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 58-68. Thupi la kalulu ndilowonda, lowonda, pang'ono kupindika kuchokera mbali.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ya kalulu ndi yayifupi kuposa ya kumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, zala zakuphazi ndizosiyana: kumbuyo kuli 4 kumbuyo, 5. kutsogolo kalulu ali ndi burashi wonenepa pamapazi ake. Mchira ndi waufupi - kuyambira 7 mpaka 12 cm kutalika, kuloza kumapeto. Kutalika kwamakutu ndi 11-14 cm, amapitilira kukula kwa mutu, m'munsi mwa makutu amapanga chubu.
Kanema: Kalulu kalulu
Maso a kalulu ndi ofiira-ofiira muutoto, amakhala okhazikika ndipo amayang'ana mbali, zomwe zimawongolera masomphenya ake. Khosi ndilofooka, koma limasinthasintha, chifukwa chake kalulu amatha kutembenuzira mutu wake mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mano a nyama iyi ndi 28. Zipangizo zomwe kalulu amatafuna zimafanana ndi makoswe.
Hares ndi nyama zachete, nthawi zambiri sizimveka. Amangolira chifukwa cha ululu akavulala, kapena kutaya mtima ngati agwidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi kung'ung'uza mwakachetechete, mkaziyo amatha kumutcha hares. Pochita mantha, iwo amawomba phokoso ndi mano awo.
The hares amalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pogogoda zikhomo zawo. Izi zimamveka mofanana kwambiri ndi ma drum roll. Hares ndi othamanga abwino - molunjika amatha kufikira liwiro la 60 km / h. Zolengedwa zanzeru izi zimadziwa kusokoneza mayendedwe. Amapanganso kulumpha kwakutali ndikusambira bwino.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kalulu wa nyama
Mtundu wa kalulu waku Europe umasiyana kwambiri chilimwe ndi dzinja, zachidziwikire, osati mwamphamvu ngati za kalulu, komabe ndizofunikira. Ubweya wa kalulu ndi wandiweyani komanso wowuma pang'ono. M'nyengo yotentha, mitundu yakumbuyo imakhala yofiira mpaka imvi mpaka bulauni.
Mitundu yamtundu wofiirira kwambiri, yabulauni imasakanikirana ndi mizere yakuda, yomwe imapangidwa chifukwa chamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamutu pa chovala chamkati. Poterepa, tsitsi loyang'anira kumapeto kwake limakhala ndi ocher shades. Ubweya wonse wa kalulu ndi wonyezimira, wonyezimira, malaya amkati ndi owonda, okhala ndi tsitsi lopotana. Mbali zake za kalulu ndizopepuka, mimba imakhala pafupifupi yoyera konse, osakhala ndi inclusions.
Makutu amakhala akuda nthawi zonse kumapeto. Mchira ndi wopepuka pansipa, ndi bulauni kapena ngakhale wakuda pamwamba. Ubweya umapanga mphete zoyera pafupi ndi maso. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wolimba kwambiri, mtundu umasintha kukhala wowala, komabe, kalulu samakhala woyera konse, mosiyana ndi kalulu woyera. Sikuti nsonga zamakutu zimangokhala mdima mosasintha, komanso mutu wonse komanso kutsogolo kwake. Akazi ndi amuna samasiyana mtundu.
Koma pama subspecies osiyanasiyana, utoto ndi kapangidwe ka malaya zimatha kusiyanasiyana:
- Kalulu waku Central Russian amadziwika ndi ubweya wopotana kumbuyo. M'chilimwe imakhala ndi utoto wofiyira wokhala ndi mizere yakuda-bulauni, ndipo nthawi yozizira msana wake ndi mbali zake zimakhala zotuwa;
- Ubweya wa kalulu waku Europe pafupifupi samawala nthawi yozizira;
- The steppe hare alibe katchulidwe ubweya khwinya kumbuyo.
Hares molt kawiri pachaka. Masika, izi zimachitika theka lachiwiri la Marichi ndipo zimatha pafupifupi masiku 80. Ubweyawo umayamba kutuluka makamaka mu Epulo, umagweradi, ndipo pofika pakati pa Meyi umasinthidwa kwathunthu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, molt ili ndi njira. Masika amapita kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumchira, ndipo nthawi yozizira - mosemphanitsa.
Tsitsi ladzinja-chilimwe limayamba kutuluka kuchokera ntchafu, ndondomekoyi imapita kumtunda, miyendo yakutsogolo ndikusunthira kumutu. Ubweya waubweya wachisanu umakula pambuyo pake pafupi ndi maso. Autumn molt imayamba mu Seputembala ndipo imatha mu Novembala, koma imatha kukoka mpaka Disembala ngati nyengo ili yotentha.
Kodi kalulu wofiirira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kalulu waku Europe nthawi yotentha
Rusak amakonda steppe, imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ngakhale pakati pa nthawi ya Quaternary, idakhazikika kumpoto. Chifukwa chake, lero limakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi nkhalango, tundra ndi nkhalango zowopsa ku Europe.
Malo ake okhala:
- Europe;
- Kutsogolo ndi Asia Minor;
- Kumpoto kwa Africa.
Kumpoto, kalulu wofiirira adakhazikika ku Finland komwe, nalanda Sweden, Ireland ndi Scotland. Ndipo kum'mwera, malo ake amakhala ku Turkey, Iran, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Kazakhstan. Mpaka pano, zotsalira za kalulu zimapezeka pachilumba cha Crimea ndi ku Azerbaijan, m'malo amalo a Pleistocene.
Ku North America, kalulu ankakhala moyenerera. Anabweretsedwa kumeneko mu 1893, ndipo kenako, mu 1912, kuchokera kumeneko kalulu adabweretsedwa ku Canada.
Komabe, lero lapulumuka kumeneko kokha kudera la Great Lakes. Kalulu anawoneka chimodzimodzi ku Central America ndi ku South America. Ku Australia, kalulu adasandulika tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kotero adazolowera kumeneko.
Ku Russia, kalulu amakhala kudera lonse la Europe, mpaka Nyanja Onega ndi Northern Dvina. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amafalikira kudzera ku Perm ndi Urals, kenako kudera la Pavlodar ku Kazakhstan. Kummwera, kalulu amakhala ku Transcaucasia, dera la Caspian, madera onse mpaka ku Karaganda. Malo okhawo pomwe kalulu waku Europe sanakhazikike ndi Buryatia.
M'madera angapo aku Russia, kalulu amapangidwanso motengera:
- Madera akumapiri a Altai;
- Salair;
- Kuznetsk Alatau;
- Chigawo cha Altai;
- Dera la Krasnoyarsk;
- Dera la Novosibirsk;
- Dera la Irkutsk;
- Chita dera;
- Khabarovsk dera;
- Primorsky Krai.
Kodi kalulu wofiirira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kalulu kalulu
Kalulu ali ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana zokoma. Mndandanda waukuluwu umaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 50 yazomera. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama imadya tirigu: timothy, oats, mapira, tirigu. Amakondanso nyemba: nyemba, seradella, nandolo, clover, lupine. Zomera zosakanikirana za hares zimakhalanso spurge, plantain, dandelions, quinoa ndi buckwheat.
Pofika mu Ogasiti, ma hares amayamba kudya mbewu monga chimanga makamaka nyemba. Pachifukwa ichi, hares, monga mbalame, amathandizira kufalikira kwa zomera, chifukwa si mbewu zonse zomwe zimasungunuka ndipo zimalowanso m'malo.
M'madera ambiri azaulimi, hares amaonedwa ngati tizirombo komanso tsoka lenileni. Popeza nthawi yophukira-nthawi yachisanu amadya makungwa ndi mphukira za mitengo: apulo, peyala, msondodzi, popula ndi hazel. Oimira mitundu iyi amatha kuwononga mundawo usiku wonse.
Kuphatikiza pa khungwa, kalulu akupitilizabe kudya mbewu, zotsalira za udzu wakufa komanso mbewu zam'munda, zomwe amakumba pansi pa chisanu. Nthawi zambiri malo okumbidwawa amayendera ndi magalasi akuda, omwe sangakumbe chipale chofewa kuti adye nyenyeswa.
Chakudya chokhwima cha Hares sichimera bwino, motero nthawi zambiri amadya ndowe zawo. Izi zimawathandiza kuyamwa bwino michere. Pakati pakuyesa kwina, ma hares adalandidwa mwayiwu, zotsatira zake zinali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kunenepa, matenda ngakhale kufa kwa anthu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kalulu wa nyama
Kalulu wofiirira amakhala ndi malo otseguka, ngakhale atasankha nkhalango, amayesetsa kukhazikika pamalo odula kapena malo odula kwambiri. Amapezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango za coniferous; imakonda nkhalango zowuma. Ndipo koposa zonse, hares amakonda malo olimapo aanthu, pomwe pali zigwa zazing'ono, apolisi kapena tchire.
Kaŵirikaŵiri Hare amakumana m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'malo okolola mbewu. Ngati nkhalango, yomwe kalulu amakhala, ili m'munsi mwa phiri, nthawi yotentha imatha kukwera mpaka mamita 2000. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira imatsika kuchokera pamenepo, pafupi ndi midzi. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mapiri zimatsikira kumapiri m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe nthawi yachisanu zimayesetsa kubwerera kumapiri.
Monga lamulo, hares amakhala pansi. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira m'derali, amatha kukhala mahekitala 40-50 kwazaka zambiri. Kupanda kutero, ma hares amayenda makilomita makumi tsiku lililonse kuchokera pamalo abodza kupita kumalo odyera ndikubwerera. Kusunthika kwa kalulu kumadaliranso nyengo, mwachitsanzo, kumadera akumwera amasuntha ndikayamba kufesa.
Hares amakonda kukhala usiku, masana amakhala akugwira ntchito nthawi yokhayokha. Ngati zinthu sizili bwino, kalulu sangachoke pogona pake - kunama. Nthawi zambiri, ili ndi bowo wamba lomwe limakumbidwa pansi, kwinakwake pansi pa chitsamba kapena lobisika kuseri kwa mtengo wakugwa.
Koma nthawi zambiri kalulu amangokhala tchire, kubisala m'malire kapena mu mzere wakuya. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino maenje opanda kanthu a nyama zina: nkhandwe kapena mbira. Koma hares nthawi zambiri amakumba maenje awo, kanthawi kochepa, ngati pali kutentha kwakukulu. Kusankha malo oti mugone mwachindunji kumadalira nyengo. Chifukwa chake kumayambiriro kwa masika, nyama zimasankha malo otentha kwambiri.
M'nyengo yonyowa, hares amayang'ana mapiri, ndipo nyengo youma, m'malo mwake, madera otsika. M'nyengo yozizira, amagona m'chipale chofewa, pamalo otetezedwa ku mphepo. Ngati matalalawo ndi akuya, amakumba mabowo mpaka 2 mita kutalika. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri kalulu ndi malo odyetserako udzu kunja kwa midzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kalulu waku Europe ku steppe
Kukula msinkhu kwa akazi ndi abambo kumachitika chaka chimodzi pambuyo pobadwa, nthawi zambiri masika. Mitundu iyi ikuchulukirachulukira. Chiyambi cha nthawi yovunda ndi kuchuluka kwa ana pachaka zimadalira nyengo. Pazifukwa zabwino, nthawi yokwatirana imayamba mu Januware.
Njira zoyendetsa magalimoto zimawonekera makamaka chisanu. Izi ndizotsatira za mkodzo wa lalanje wa akazi komanso chisanu chophulika choponderezedwa ndi amuna okwiya pamkangano wazakugonana. Amuna awiri kapena atatu amatsata mkazi aliyense. Amakonzekera kumenya nkhondo zolimba, zomwe zimatsagana ndi kufuula kwawo kovuta.
Nkhondoyo imathera pomwe mkazi amatenga gawo lokwatirana. Yaimuna yamphongo yolimba imaphimba, pomwe enawo nthawi ino amalumpha awiriwa, kuyesa kugwetsa yamphongoyo ndi zikoko zawo. M'mikhalidwe yotere, okhawo aluso kwambiri komanso olimba kwambiri ndi omwe amatha kulowa m'malo mwa banja la akalulu. Chotsatira chotsatira chimayamba mu Epulo, ndikutsatira chachitatu mkatikati mwa Julayi.
Akalulu oyamba adzawonekera mu Epulo, masiku 45-48 pambuyo pa umuna. Kawirikawiri kuyambira 1 mpaka 9 makanda amabadwa. Amabadwa atawona kale, ali ndi kumva komanso okutidwa ndi ubweya. Kalulu aliyense amalemera pafupifupi 100. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi mtundu wake ndizolumikizana mwachindunji ndi nyengo. Kutentha ndi kukhutiritsa kwambiri chaka, zimachulukanso ndipo zimachulukirachulukira.
Kwa milungu iwiri yoyambirira, ana amadya mkaka wokha, koma unyinji wawo ukakula kanayi, kalulu amayamba kuwakokera udzu. Mkazi samasunthira kutali ndi mwana, wokonzeka kuopsa koteteza banja lake. Banja limakhalabe limodzi mpaka akalulu ali ndi miyezi iwiri. Amayi ndiye amawasiya kuti asamalire ana enawo.
Pakhoza kukhala ana atatu kapena anayi pachaka. Akakhala chakummwera kwambiri, pamakhala mpata waukulu wopeza ana achinayi. Kalulu amakhala ndi chonde. Komabe, mwa ana onse, 1-2 imapulumuka pachaka. Imfa zawo chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa, matenda, zochita za anthu komanso zolusa ndizokwera kwambiri.
Pafupifupi, hares bulauni samatha zaka zopitilira 8, nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala zaka 10-12. Ali ndi adani ambiri. Monga mwalamulo, amakhala osungulumwa ndipo amayesetsa kukhala ndi anzawo nthawi yokhayo.
Adani achilengedwe a kalulu
Chithunzi: Kalulu wamkulu
Adani achilengedwe a kalulu amakhudza kwambiri anthu ake. Kwa chaka chimodzi, zolusa zimatha kuwononga mpaka 12% ya chiwerengerochi. Chiwerengerochi chimadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyama zolusa zomwe zimakhala mdera linalake, komanso kupezeka kwa zakudya zina komanso kuchuluka kwa hares.
Nyama zowopsa kwambiri za hares:
- Nkhandwe;
- mimbulu;
- lynx;
- agalu;
- amphaka;
- Zolusa zamapiko: ziwombankhanga, akadzidzi a mphungu, nkhwangwa.
Zomwe zimatsalira kwa hares ndizobisala, kuthamanga mwachangu komanso kutayika. Mtundu wofiirira umathandiza kalulu kubisala osati pakati pa nthambi ndi mitengo yomwe yagwa, komanso pakati pa mapiri achisanu. Munthu wochenjera amatha kudziyesa ngati chitsa cha mtengo kapena bampu yokutidwa ndi chisanu. Kuthamanga konse komanso kutha kusambira kupulumutsa hares - pakulimbana ndi moyo, kalulu amatha kusambira kuwoloka mtsinje.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kalulu wa nyama
Chiwerengero cha kalulu muzaka wamba ndi anthu mamiliyoni angapo. Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zimatha kusintha, mwachitsanzo, ngati kulibe chakudya. Komabe, osati kwambiri monga mitundu ina. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kusinthaku kumadera akumwera ndikuthwa kuposa kwakumpoto.
Kalulu wofiirira ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chosaka, chifukwa ndi nyama yofunika kwambiri yamasewera. Amayigwiritsa ntchito popanga nyama komanso zikopa zofewa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ubweya ndi zipewa. Kuphatikiza pa zopangira ubweya, ulusi ndi zomverera zimapangidwa ndi ubweya wa kalulu.
M'mayiko ambiri, kalulu amadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo. Munthu m'modzi usiku amatha kukuwa khungwa pamitengo 10-12. Imakhalanso yonyamula matenda, ngakhale, mosiyana ndi kalulu woyera, imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mphutsi ndi nthenda. Komabe, kalulu amakhala ndi toxoplasmosis ndi matenda ena: brucellosis, pasteurellosis ndi tularemia.
Ngakhale kutayika kwakukulu kwa zaka zosakwana miyezi isanu kuchokera kuzilombo zakutchire, matenda ndi chisanu choopsa, kuchuluka kwa mahatchiwa ndi kwakukulu modabwitsa. Amamera mosavuta m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Mtunduwo suwerengedwa kuti uli pangozi kapena pangozi.
Kalulu amatenga gawo lofunikira padziko lonse lapansi komanso pachikhalidwe chaku Russia. Chithunzi chake m'nthano chimalumikizidwa ndi imfa, kenako ndikubereka komanso kukhala ndi banja labwino. Kalulu amawonetsedwa ngati wamantha komanso wofooka. Ndipo m'moyo amatha kupweteketsa zilonda ngakhale nyama yayikulu! M'mayiko ena, zipilala zanyama izi zamangidwa, ndipo ku Belarus, gawo lazandalama limatchulidwanso pambuyo pake. Ndicholinga choti Kalulu - chilombocho sichimadziwika bwino, koma chimakondedwa ndi anthu ambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 16.02.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/16/2019 nthawi ya 0:30
