Chamois Ndi nyama yoyamwitsa yamtundu wa artiodactyls. Ma chamois ndi am'banja la bovids. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa oimira ochepa kwambiri. Ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha banja lambuzi. Dzina lachilatini la nyamayo limatanthauza "mbuzi yamwala". Momwemonso, ma chamois amakhala m'malo amiyala, amasinthidwa kuti aziyenda nawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Serna
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa chamois udayamba kuchokera zaka 250 mpaka 400,000 zapitazo. Palibe yankho lililonse lotsimikizika lokhudza chiyambi cha chamois. Pali malingaliro kuti magulu omwe alipo omwazikana a chamois ndiwo zotsalira za malo opitilira kufalitsa nyamazi m'mbuyomu. Zomwe zapezeka zotsalira zimakhala za nthawi ya Pleistocene.
Pali ma subspecies angapo a chamois, amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti ma subspecies awa nawonso ali ndi magwero osiyanasiyana. Subspecies amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana chifukwa chake samaswana. Ponseponse, ma subspecies asanu ndi awiri a chamois amadziwika. Awiri mwa iwo, Anatolian ndi Carpathian chamois, malinga ndi ena, akhoza kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maina a subspecies mwanjira ina amalumikizidwa ndi malo awo apanthawiyo, kupatula chamois chofala kwambiri.
Kanema: Serna
Wachibale wapafupi ndi Pyrenean chamois, ngakhale ali ndi dzina lofananira, koma ndi wamtundu wa hotelo. Ma chamois ndi nyama yaying'ono. Ili ndi thupi lolimba, lolimba lokhala ndi miyendo yopyapyala, miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo. Imafikira kutalika kwa pafupifupi masentimita 80 ikamauma, kutalika kwa miyendo ndi theka la mtengo wake, kutalika kwa thupi ndikopitilira mita, kumatha ndi mchira wawufupi, masentimita ochepa okha, kumunsi kwake komwe kulibe tsitsi. Kulemera kwa chamois mwa akazi kumakhala pakati pa 30 mpaka 35 kilogalamu, pomwe mwa amuna imatha kufikira makilogalamu makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Khosi ndi locheperako, nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa 15 mpaka 20 cm.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mountain chamois
Chamois muzzle ndi yaying'ono, yayifupi, yopapatiza. Maso ndi aakulu, mphuno zake ndi zopapatiza, zong'ambika. Nyanga zimamera pamwamba pomwepo, kuchokera kudera lalikulu la amuna ndi akazi. Zimakhala zosalala mpaka kukhudza, mozungulira mtanda, zokhota kumapeto kumapeto. Mwa akazi, nyanga ndi kotala kotala poyerekeza ndi zaimuna ndi kupindika pang'ono pang'ono. Kumbuyo kumbuyo kuli mabowo okhala ndi ma gland apadera; nthawi yamatenda amayamba kugwira ntchito, kutulutsa fungo linalake. Makutuwo ndi ataliatali, owongoka, osongoka, pafupifupi masentimita 20. Ziboda zimapangidwa bwino, kusiya njira pafupifupi 6 cm.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa chamois umasiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, imapeza mithunzi yosiyananso, mbali zakunja za miyendo, khosi ndi kumbuyo zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo mbali zamkati ndi mimba ndizopepuka. M'chilimwe, utoto umasinthiratu, wofiirira, ndipo mkati ndi kumbuyo kwamiyendo imakhala yopepuka kuposa mbali zakunja ndi kumbuyo. Pamphuno, m'mbali kuchokera khutu mpaka mphuno, pali mikwingwirima yakuda, nthawi zina yakuda. Tsitsi lonse kumaso, m'malo mwake, ndi lopepuka kuposa thupi lonse, izi zimawonjezera kusiyana. Ndi mtundu uwu, ma chamois amawoneka osangalatsa komanso owala.
Kutalika kwa moyo wamwamuna pakati pazaka khumi mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Amayi amakhala zaka khumi ndi zisanu mpaka makumi awiri. Utali wamoyowu ungaganizidwe kuti ndi wautali, chifukwa si nyama wamba zazing'ono kwambiri.
Kodi chamois amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Zinyama zam'mapiri chamois
A Chamois amakhala kumapiri pomwe pamalumikizana ndi miyala komanso nkhalango. Zonsezi ndizofunikira pakukhalapo kwawo, chifukwa chake titha kunena kuti chamois ndi nyama wamba yamapiri. Chamois afalikira kudera lalikulu kuyambira kummawa mpaka kumadzulo, kuyambira Spain mpaka Georgia, komanso kuchokera ku Turkey ndi Greece kumwera mpaka Russia kumpoto, chamois amakhala m'mapiri onse. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikupezeka m'malo abwino kwambiri a Alps ndi Caucasus.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti magawo asanu ndi amodzi mwa asanu ndi awiri a ma chamois adapeza mayina awo m'malo awo:
- Chamois wamba;
- Anatolia;
- Balkan;
- Carpathian;
- Tchati;
- Caucasus;
- Tatranskaya.
Mwachitsanzo, ma chamois a Anatolian (kapena Turkey) amakhala kum'mawa kwa Turkey ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo, ma chamois aku Balkan amapezeka ku Balkan Peninsula, ndipo ma chamois a Carpathian amapezeka ku Carpathians. Chartres chamois ndizofala kumadzulo kwa French Alps (dzinalo limachokera kuphiri la Chartreuse). Caucasus chamois, motsatana, amakhala ku Caucasus, ndi Tatranskaya - ku Tatras. Chamois wamba ndi ma subspecies ambiri, motero amakhala osankhidwa. Ma chamois oterewa amapezeka ku Alps.
M'chilimwe, ma chamois amakwera pamwamba pamiyala yotalikirapo pafupifupi mamita 3600 pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, amatsikira kumtunda kwa mamitala 800 ndikuyesera kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango, makamaka kuma conifers, kuti apeze chakudya chosavuta. Koma ma chamois sanatchule kutuluka kwawo munyengo, mosiyana ndi ena ambiri osatulutsidwa. Amayi omwe angobereka kumene amakondanso kukhala ndi ana awo m'nkhalango m'munsi mwa mapiri ndikupewa malo otseguka. Koma akangolowa mphamvu, amapita kumapiri limodzi.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ma chamois adadziwitsidwa ku New Zealand ngati mphatso, ndipo kwa zaka zoposa zana adatha kufalikira ku South Island. Masiku ano, kusaka ma chamois kumalimbikitsidwanso m'dziko lino. Anthu omwe amakhala ku New Zealand samasiyana kwenikweni ndi abale awo aku Europe, koma nthawi yomweyo, munthu aliyense amalemera pafupifupi 20% poyerekeza ndi waku Europe. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti panali zoyesayesa ziwiri zothetsera ma chamois m'mapiri a Norway, koma zonsezi zinalephera - nyamazo zinafa pazifukwa zosadziwika.
Kodi chamois amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chamois nyama
Ma Chamois ndi amtendere, nyama zodyera. Amadyetsa msipu, makamaka udzu.
M'chilimwe amadya:
- dzinthu;
- masamba a mitengo;
- maluwa;
- mphukira zazing'ono zitsamba ndi mitengo ina.
M'chilimwe, ma chamois samakhala ndi vuto la chakudya, chifukwa amapeza zomera zambiri m'malo awo. Komabe, amatha kuchita popanda madzi. Mame a m'mawa ndi mvula yosowa imakwanira iwo. M'nyengo yozizira, zitsamba zomwezo, masamba, tirigu amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma mu mawonekedwe owuma komanso ochepa. Chakudya chimayenera kukumbidwa pansi pa chisanu.
Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya chobiriwira, ma chamois amadya moss ndi ndere zamitengo, nthambi zazing'ono zitsamba, khungwa la mitengo ina yomwe imatha kutafuna, misondodzi kapena phulusa lamapiri, mwachitsanzo. Zomera zobiriwira nthawi zonse zimapezekanso nthawi yozizira; chakudya ndi spruce ndi singano zapaini, nthambi zazing'ono zamafuta. Pakakhala kusowa kwa chakudya, ma chamois ambiri amafa. Izi zimachitika pafupipafupi, nthawi iliyonse yozizira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chamois kumapiri
Monga ena ambiri osatulutsa, chamois gulu. Ndi amantha komanso othamanga, akaganiza zoopsa amathamangira kunkhalango kapena kubisala m'mapiri. Chamois amalumpha bwino, malowa ndiabwino kwambiri kwa iwo - mutha kuthawa adani ambiri komanso nyengo yoipa kwambiri. Pakati pa mphepo yamkuntho, mvula yamphamvu ndi masoka ena, chamois amabisala m'mapiri ndi ming'alu.
A Chamois amadzidalira, amasonkhana, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu awiri kapena atatu. Kuchuluka kwa anthu pagulu kumafika mazana, m'malo omwe amafalitsa kwambiri kapena pofuna kudzipatula ku ziweto zina m'derali. M'nyengo yozizira ndi masika, ma chamois amasonkhana makamaka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa chake zimakhala zosavuta kupeza chakudya ndikupulumuka kuzizira. Pofika chilimwe, ziweto zawo zimachulukirachulukira, ndipo chamois amakhala pansi ndikudyetsa gulu limodzi.
Chamois amatha kulankhulana. Amagwiritsa ntchito kubangula, maudindo olamulira ndi kugonjera, ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana mwamikhalidwe yolumikizirana. Okalamba samakonda kudzipatula kwa ana, nthawi zambiri amakhala osakanikirana. M'mawa kumakhala chakudya chotalikirapo, pambuyo pa nkhomaliro chamois amapuma. Ndipo amachita izi mmodzimmodzi, wina amayenera kuwona zachilengedwe ndipo, ngati china chake chichitika, yambitsani. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimakakamizika kuti zizisuntha posaka chakudya ndi pogona. Nthawi zambiri zimatsikira kufupi ndi nkhalango, komwe kuli mphepo zochepa komanso pali zinyalala zouma.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chamois ndi cub
M'dzinja, kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala, ma chamois amakhala ndi nyengo yokhwima. Akazi amabisa chinsinsi chapadera chomwe amuna amachitapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali okonzeka kukwatirana. Amakhala ndi nyengo yokhazikika mu Novembala ndi Disembala. Pambuyo pamasabata pafupifupi 23 kapena 24 (m'ma subspecies ena, mimba imatenga milungu 21), mwana amabadwa. Nthawi yobereka imagwera pakati pa Meyi mpaka theka loyamba la Juni.
Nthawi zambiri mkazi m'modzi amabala mwana m'modzi, koma nthawi zina amakhala awiri. Maola ochepa atabereka, mwanawo amatha kuyenda mosadalira. Amayi amawadyetsa mkaka kwa miyezi itatu. Ma chamois amatha kutengedwa ngati nyama zakutchire: zazikazi zina kuchokera m'gulu zimatha kusamalira ana, momwemo.
Kwa miyezi iwiri yoyambirira, gululi limayenera kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalango. Ndikosavuta kuti ana ayende kuzungulira pamenepo ndipo pali pobisalira. M'malo otseguka, amakhala ndi zoopsa zambiri. Ana amakula msanga. Pofika miyezi iwiri, amakhala atadumpha mwanzeru ndipo amakhala okonzeka kutsatira makolo awo kumapiri. Atakwanitsa miyezi makumi awiri, ma chamois amakula msinkhu, ndipo zaka zitatu amakhala ndi ana awo oyamba.
Ma chamois aang'ono, ana ndi akazi amamatira limodzi. Mkazi wachikulire ndiye mtsogoleri wa gululo. Amuna nthawi zambiri samakhala m'magulu, amakonda kukhala nawo nthawi yokomana kuti akwaniritse ntchito zawo. Si zachilendo kuti amuna osakwatira akuyenda okha m'mapiri pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a chamois
Chithunzi: Serna
Kwa chamois, nyama zolusa ndizoopsa, makamaka ngati zili zazikulu kuposa izo. Mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo zingawadikire m'nkhalango. Choopsa kwambiri ndikuti ma chamois amakhala okha; ngakhale nyama zolusa zapakatikati monga nkhandwe kapena mphaka zimatha kuziluma. Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa nyanga zomwe zitha kudziteteza, ma chamois sakonda kudziteteza ku ziwopsezo, koma kuthawa.
Zowononga nthawi zambiri sizisaka achikulire, koma ana awo, popeza akadali ofooka komanso osatetezeka. Atamenyana ndi ziweto, mwanayo amafa kwambiri: akuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo alibe luso lokwanira kuyenda pamiyala, sazindikira kuopsa kwake. Amatha kugwidwa ndi kugumuka kapena kugwa kwa nthaka, kugwa pansi. Popeza akadali kakang'ono kwambiri ndipo sikulemera pang'ono, kuwonjezera pa nyama, mbalame zodya nyama zimakhalanso pachiwopsezo kwa izo. Mwachitsanzo, chiwombankhanga chagolide, chomwe chimatha kugwira mwana pa ntchentche, kapena chiwombankhanga chagolide chomwe chimakhala ku France.
Kuphulika kwa miyala ndi mathanthwe amakhalanso koopsa kwa akuluakulu. Pali nthawi zina pamene kufunafuna malo ogona chamois adathawira kumapiri, koma nthawi yomweyo adamwalira chifukwa cha zinyalala. Njala ndi ngozi ina yachilengedwe, makamaka nthawi yachisanu. Chifukwa chakuti ma chamois ndi nyama zoweta, amatenga matenda ambiri. Matenda ena, monga nkhanambo, amatha kupukutira gulu lonse la ziweto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mountain chamois
Anthu a Chamois ndi ambiri ndipo amaberekana bwino. Mitundu yonse ya mitunduyo ndi pafupifupi anthu 400 zikwi. Kupatula ma chamois aku Caucasus, omwe ali "pachiwopsezo" ndipo ali ndi anthu opitilira zikwi zinayi. Chifukwa chachitetezo pazaka zingapo zapitazi, pakhala kuchuluka kwakuchulukirachulukira. Chartres chamois ili pangozi, koma asayansi amakayikira za kuyera kwa magazi ake. Mitundu isanu mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yotsalirayi amadziwika kuti ndi Osasamala.
Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti pakupitilira kwa mtunduwo komanso kukhalapo kwa chamois, ndizofunikira zakutchire zomwe ndizofunikira. Ng'ombe zomwe zikudya msipu wamapiri zimapondereza ma chamois, ndipo amakakamizika kusuntha posaka malo obisika. Ndizotheka kuti ndikukula kwa kuswana kwa ng'ombe, kuchuluka kwa ma chamois pang'onopang'ono kudatsika. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakufalitsa kwa zokopa alendo, malo okhala kumapiri, malo azisangalalo m'malo awo.
M'madera akumpoto m'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chimatha kusowa ndipo, malinga ndi zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa ma chamois a Tatra omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Europe, izi zitha kuwopseza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Balkan chamois chili pafupifupi anthu 29,000. Ngakhale kuwasaka kumaloledwa ndi lamulo, koma osati ku Greece ndi Albania. Kumeneko, ma subspecies anali osakidwa kwambiri ndipo tsopano akutetezedwa. Kusaka kumaloledwa pa Carpathian chamois. Nyanga zake zimafika masentimita 30 ndipo zimawerengedwa ngati chikho. Anthu ambiri amakhala kumwera kwa Carpathians, m'malo ozizira kuchuluka kwawo sikupezeka kawirikawiri.
Chiwerengero cha ma Chartres chamois tsopano chatsikira kwa anthu 200, atchulidwa m'ndandanda wa Red IUCN, koma mitundu iyi ya chamois siyotetezedwa kwambiri. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti subspecies anasankhidwa pachabe. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, ndi anthu wamba okhawo omwe amakhala chamois wamba kapena adataya kale chiyero.
Alonda a Chamois
Chithunzi: Chamois nyama
Ma subspecies okha a ma chamois aku Caucasus ali ndi chitetezo. Adalembedwa m'mabuku a Red Data m'madera angapo ndi mayiko a Caucasus ndi Southern Federal District. Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa anthu nthawi imodzi zinali zinthu zosafunikira, mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa nkhalango. Nthawi yomweyo, migodi yosaloledwa imapereka pafupifupi chilichonse chogwirika pantchitoyi.
Anthu ambiri amakhala m'malo osungidwa, komwe amasamalira moyo wawo. Kufikira kwa alendo kukuchepa, ndipo zovuta zoyipa zimachepetsedwa. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikoletsedwa, chilengedwe chimatetezedwa mosamala. Aliyense woyang'anira malowa amayang'aniridwa. Chifukwa cha ichi, wa ku Caucasus chamois yakwanitsa kuchulukitsa chiwerengero chawo ndi kamodzi ndi theka pazaka 15 zapitazi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 17:11
