Nyalugwe (lat. Panthera tigris) ndi nyama yoopsa yochokera ku banja la amphaka ambiri, komanso woimira mtundu wa Panther (lat. Panthera) wochokera kubanja lalikulu la amphaka. Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, mawu oti "Tiger" amatanthauza "Wakuthwa komanso wachangu."
Kufotokozera kwa akambuku
Oimira amtunduwu akuphatikiza nyama zazikuluzikulu zodyera ku banja la Feline.... Pafupifupi ma subspecies onse akambuku odziwika pano ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri komanso olusa mwamphamvu kwambiri pamtunda, chifukwa chake, potengera unyinji, nyama zoterezi ndizachiwiri pambuyo pa zimbalangondo zofiirira komanso zakumtunda.
Maonekedwe, mtundu
Nyalugwe ndi wamphaka wamkulu kwambiri komanso wolemera kwambiri kuposa amphaka onse. Komabe, ma subspecies osiyanasiyana amasiyana mosiyana osati mwa mawonekedwe awo okha, komanso kukula kwake komanso kulemera kwake, ndipo oyimira kumtunda kwamtunduwu nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kwambiri kuposa akambuku achilumba. Zazikulu kwambiri masiku ano ndi amphamba a Amur ndi akambuku a Bengal, omwe amuna awo achikulire amafika kutalika kwa 2.5-2.9 m ndikulemera mpaka 275-300 kg komanso kuposera apo.
Kutalika kwakanthawi kwa nyama ikamafota ndi masentimita 100 mpaka 115. Thupi lalitali la nyama yonyamula ndi yayikulu, yamphamvu komanso yosinthika bwino, ndipo mbali yake yakutsogolo imachita bwino kuposa msana ndi sacrum. Mchira ndi wautali, ndikututumula yunifolomu, umatha nthawi zonse ndi nsonga yakuda ndipo umasiyanitsidwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa yopanga mphete yopitilira mozungulira. Mphamvu zamiyendo yakutsogolo yamphamvu ya chinyama ili ndi zala zisanu, ndipo zala zinayi zili pamapazi akumbuyo. Zala zonse za chinyama chotere zili ndi zikhadabo zochotseka.
Mutu wokulungika wokulirapo umakhala ndi gawo lotseguka lotsogola komanso dera loyang'ana kutsogolo. Chigoba chake chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, chokhala ndi masaya ophatikizana komanso mafupa amphuno akulumikiza mafupa akuluakulu. Makutu ndi ochepa komanso ozungulira. Pali akasinja pambali pamutu.
Zoyera, zotanuka kwambiri zimakonzedwa m'mizere inayi kapena isanu, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafika 165 mm ndikulimba kwa 1.5 mm. Ophunzirawo ndi ozungulira, iris ndichikasu. Akambuku onse achikulire, pamodzi ndi oimira ena ambiri amtundu wamphongo, ali ndi mano khumi ndi atatu otukuka komanso olimba, owongoka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njira zazimuna zimakhala zazikulu komanso zazitali kuposa zazimayi, ndipo zala zapakati zimayang'ana kutsogolo. Kutalika kwamwamuna ndi 150-160 mm ndi mulifupi wa 130-140 mm, wa mkaziyo ndi 140-150 mm ndi mulifupi wa 110-130 mm.
Nyama yakutchire yamtundu wakumwera imasiyanitsidwa ndi otsika komanso ocheperako, ochepera tsitsi okhala ndi kachulukidwe kabwino. Akambuku akumpoto ali ndi ubweya wofewa komanso wamtali. Mitundu yoyambira maziko imatha kuyambira pachikuto chofiyira chofiirira mpaka mtundu wofiirira wofiirira. Malo am'mimba ndi pachifuwa, komanso mkati mwamiyendo, ndi ofiira.
Kumbuyo kwa makutu kuli zilembo zowala. Pa thunthu ndi khosi pali mikwingwirima yopingasa, yomwe ili kumbuyo kwenikweni. Pamphuno pansi pamunsi pa mphuno, mdera la vibrissae, chibwano ndi nsagwada, kutchulidwa koyera kumadziwika. Mphumi, parietal ndi madera a occipital amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso osinthika opangidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mtunda wa pakati pa mikwingwirima ndi mawonekedwe ake umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa oimira amitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri khungu la nyama limakutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yoposa zana. Mitundu yamizeremizere imapezekanso pakhungu la chilombocho, chifukwa chake ngati mumeta ubweya wonse, ndiye kuti umakonzedwanso kwathunthu kutengera mtundu wakale wa zodetsa.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nyalugwe, mosasamala kanthu za subspecies, ndi woyimira kwambiri nyama zakutchire. Akuluakulu amakhala moyo wawokha ndipo amakhala ndi malo awo osaka. Chiwembu cha munthu aliyense, kuyambira kukula kwake kuyambira 20 mpaka 100 km2, amatetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi chilombocho kuchokera kuzowopsa za oimira ena amtunduwu, koma gawo lamwamuna ndi wamkazi limatha kupezeka.
Akambuku samatha kuthamangitsa nyama yawo kwa maola angapo, motero chilombo cholusa choterechi chimagunda ndi mphezi kuchokera kwa omwe abisalira, nyamayo itagwidwa. Nyama zakutchire zochokera kubanja la Felidae zimasaka m'njira ziwiri: mwakachetechete kuzembera wovutitsidwayo kapena kudikirira nyama yomwe abisala. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunda wotalikirapo pakati pa mlenje wotere ndi womuzunza ukhoza kukhala wosangalatsa, koma osapitilira 120-150 m.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakusaka, nyalugwe wamkulu amakhala ndi kutalika kwa mita zisanu, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kufika pafupifupi mita khumi.
Kusayembekezereka kwa chiwonetserochi sikungapatse mwayi kwa omwe ali chilombo ngakhale mwayi wochepa wopulumuka, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cholephera kupezera ziweto liwiro lokwanira kuti apulumuke. Kambuku wamkulu komanso wamphamvu amatha kwenikweni kukhala pafupi ndi nyama yomwe yawopa. Amuna nthawi zambiri amagawana gawo la nyama zawo, koma azimayi okha.
Kodi akambuku amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Akambuku a Amur mikhalidwe yachilengedwe amakhala pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, koma akasungidwa mu ukapolo, chiyembekezo cha moyo wawo chimakhala chotalikirapo pang'ono, ndipo pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri. Kutalika kwa moyo wa kambuku wa Bengal ali mu ukapolo kumatha kufikira kotala la zana, ndipo mwachilengedwe - zaka khumi ndi zisanu zokha. Akambuku a Indo-Chinese, Sumatran ndi Chinese atha kukhala zaka 14... Chiwindi chenicheni pakati pa akambuku chimadziwika kuti ndi nyalugwe waku Malawi, yemwe amayembekeza kukhala ndi moyo m'chilengedwe, chilengedwe ndi kotala la zaka zana limodzi, ndipo atasungidwa - zaka pafupifupi zinayi mpaka zisanu.
Mitundu ya akambuku
Pali mitundu isanu ndi inayi yokha yamtundu wa Tiger, koma koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazo, ndi asanu ndi m'modzi okha mwa iwo omwe adatha kukhala padziko lapansi:
- Nyalugwe wa Amur (Panthera tigris altaiisa). Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, yodziwika ndi ubweya wandiweyani komanso wonyezimira, ubweya wautali, wokhala ndi maziko ofiira ofiira osati mikwingwirima yambiri;
- Kambuku wa Bengal (Panthera tigris tigris) - ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa a tiger omwe amakhala ku Pakistan, India ndi Bangladesh, ku Nepal, Myanmar ndi Bhutan. Oimira ma subspecies amakhala m'mitundu yambiri yamitundu, kuphatikiza nkhalango zamvula, masamba owuma ndi mangroves. Kulemera kwapakati kwamwamuna kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 205-228 kg, ndi wamkazi - osapitirira 140-150 kg. Nyalugwe wa Bengal, yemwe amakhala kumpoto kwa India ndi Nepal, ndi wokulirapo kuposa omwe amakhala mdera laling'ono la Indian subcontinent;
- Nyalugwe waku Indochinese (Panthera tigris sorbetti) - subspecies omwe amakhala ku Cambodia ndi Myanmar, komanso amakhala kumwera kwa China ndi Laos, Thailand, Malaysia ndi Vietnam. Akambuku a Indochinese ali ndi mtundu wakuda. Kulemera kwapakati pa mwamuna wamwamuna wokhwima pogonana pafupifupi 150-190 kg, ndipo ya mkazi wamkulu ndi 110-140 kg;
- Akambuku achi Malay (Pantherа tigris jаksоni) Ndi m'modzi mwa oimira asanu ndi mmodzi omwe apulumuka, omwe amapezeka kumwera kwa Malacca Peninsula. M'mbuyomu, anthu onse nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kambuku wa Indo-Chinese;
- Kambuku wa Sumatran (Panthera tigris sumatrae) Ndiocheperako kwambiri mwa ma subspecies omwe alipo, ndipo kulemera kwamwamuna wamkulu pafupifupi 100-130 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako, motero kulemera kwawo sikupitilira 70-90 kg. Kukula pang'ono ndi njira yosinthira kukhala m'nkhalango zotentha za Sumatra;
- Akambuku achi China (Panthera tigris аmoyensis) Ndi m'modzi mwa oimira ang'onoang'ono amitundu yonse. Kutalika kwakutali kwamwamuna ndi wamkazi ndi 2.5-2.6 m, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 100-177 kg. Kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu wa subspecies ndikochepa kwambiri.
Ma subspecies omwe sanathenso amaimiridwa ndi kambuku wa Bali (Panthera tigris bаlisa), kambuku wa Transcaucasus (Panthera tigris virgata) ndi kambuku wa ku Javan (Panthera tigris sоndaisa). Zakale zakale zimaphatikizapo ma subspecies akale a Panthera tigris acutidens ndi anyani akale kwambiri akambuku a Trinil (Panthera tigris trinilensis).
Ndizosangalatsa! Odziwika bwino ndi omwe amatchedwa hybrids ndi Bengal ndi Amur subspecies, kuphatikiza "liger", womwe ndi mtanda pakati pa tigress ndi mkango, komanso "tiger" (taigon kapena tigon), womwe umawonekera chifukwa chokwatirana ndi mkango waukazi ndi kambuku.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Poyamba, akambuku anali ofala kwambiri ku Asia.
Komabe, mpaka pano, nthumwi zonse za subspecies a adani amenewa anapulumuka kokha mu mayiko sikisitini:
- Laoc;
- Bangladesh;
- Republic of Mgwirizano wa Myanmar;
- Bhutan,
- Cambodia;
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam;
- Russia;
- Republic of India;
- Chisilamu Republic of Iran;
- Republic of Indonesia;
- China;
- Malaysia;
- Islamic Republic of Pakistan;
- Thailand;
- Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.
Malo okhala akambukuwa ndi akumpoto kwa taiga, madera a chipululu komanso nkhalango, komanso nkhalango zowuma komanso madera otentha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi amphaka onse amtchire amawopa madzi, chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, amayesa kudutsa malo osungira, ndipo akambuku, m'malo mwake, amasambira bwino ndikukonda madzi, akusamba kuti athetse kutentha ndi kutentha.
Madera omwe amakonda kwambiri, pomwe akambuku amakhazikitsa phanga lawo labwino komanso lodalirika, kusaka, komanso kulera ana, amaphatikizanso mapiri ataliatali okhala ndi mapanga ndi mapanga obisika. Malo okhalamo atha kuyimilidwa ndi mabango obisika kapena zitsamba zamiyala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Zakudya za nyalugwe
Mitundu yonse ya akambuku ndi nthumwi za dongosolo la nyama zolusa, chifukwa chake chakudya chachikulu cha nyama zakutchire ndi nyama yokhayo. Zakudya za nyama yayikulu yayikulu kuchokera kubanja la Felidae zitha kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kutengera mawonekedwe azinyama. Mwachitsanzo, nyama yayikulu kwambiri ya kambuku wa Bengal nthawi zambiri imakhala nguruwe zakutchire, ma sambara aku India, nilgau ndi olamulira. Akambuku a Sumatran amakonda kusaka nguluwe zakutchire ndi matepi, komanso nswala. Akambuku a Amur amadya makamaka nyama zam'mimba, sika ndi nswala zofiira, komanso mphalapala ndi nguluwe.
Mwa zina, njati zam'madzi ndi mphalapala zaku India, pheasants ndi hares, anyani ngakhale nsomba zitha kuonedwa ngati nyama ya akambuku. Nyama zodya njala kwambiri zimatha kudya achule, mitundu yonse ya makoswe kapena nyama zina zazing'ono, komanso zipatso za mabulosi ndi zipatso zina. Pali mfundo zodziwika bwino zomwe akambuku akuluakulu, ngati kuli kofunikira, amatha kusaka nyama zina zolusa, zoyimiriridwa ndi akambuku, ng'ona, mimbulu, ma boas, komanso zimbalangondo zaku Himalaya ndi zofiirira kapena ana awo.
Monga lamulo, akambuku amphongo okhwima ogonana a Amur, omwe ndi akulu akulu ndi minofu yochititsa chidwi, amalimbana ndi zimbalangondo zazing'ono. Zotsatira zakumenya nkhondo zolusa zolimba ngati izi sizingakhale zosayembekezereka. Palinso zambiri malinga ndi zomwe akambuku nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi ana a njovu zaku India. M'mapaki a zoological, chakudya cha akambuku chimapangidwa mosamala kwambiri, poganizira malingaliro onse operekedwa ndi akatswiri a Euro-Asia Regional Association.
Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zimaganiziridwa mosalephera, msinkhu wa nyama zoyamwitsa, komanso kulemera kwake, kugonana kwa nyama ndi mawonekedwe anyengo. Chakudya chachikulu cha chilombo mu ukapolo chikuyimiridwa ndi nyama, kuphatikizapo nkhuku, akalulu, ndi ng'ombe. Komanso, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo mkaka, mazira, nsomba ndi mitundu ina ya zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomanga thupi.
Tsiku limodzi, wamkulu wolusa amatha kudya pafupifupi makilogalamu khumi a nyama, koma mulingo umadalira mtundu wa nyama ndi kukula kwake. Zakudya zina zimaperekedwa kwa kambuku nthawi zina komanso zochepa. Ali mu ukapolo, zakudya za nyama zomwe zimadyera kuchokera kubanja la Feline zimaphatikizidwanso ndi zosakaniza za mavitamini ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi michere, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa mafupa ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa ziweto munyama.
Kubereka ndi ana
Akambuku amtundu wina uliwonse ndi nyama zamitala, nyama zolusa, nyengo yokhwima yomwe imachitika mu Disembala-Januware... Amuna amapeza chachikazi, poyang'ana kununkhira kwa mkodzo wake. Kutengera mawonekedwe amkazi, komanso malinga ndi kununkhira kwa zinsinsi zake, wamwamuna zimawonekeratu kuti mnzakeyo ndi wokonzeka kubereka kapena njira yoberekera. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chaka chilichonse wamkazi amakhala ndi masiku ochepa okha oti amatha kubereka. Ngati umuna sunachitike mukakwatirana, ndiye kuti estrus mwa akazi amabwerezedwanso mwezi wamawa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ana a nyama yayikulu yayikulu amabadwa otukuka, koma osakhoza kuchita chilichonse, ndipo kwa mwezi woyamba ndi theka, chakudya chawo chimayimiriridwa ndi mkaka wa amayi wokha.
Nguluwe amatha kubala ana azaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Ana a tigress amawoneka kamodzi pakatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse, ndipo nthawi yobereka imatenga miyezi yoposa itatu. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna samachita nawo kalikonse pakulera ana awo, chifukwa chake, ndi akazi okha omwe amadyetsa, kuteteza ndi kuphunzitsa malamulo oyambira kusaka ana awo. Ana amabadwa kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumatayala kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu awiri ndi anayi. Nthawi zina mkazi amabala mwana mmodzi kapena asanu.
Akazi a kambuku a subspecies iliyonse, akulera ana awo, samalola amuna akunja kuti ayandikire ana awo, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chowopseza ana akambuku ndi nyama zazikulu zamtchire. Pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, ana a kambukuwa amatha kuchoka m'phanga mwawo kwakanthawi kochepa ndikutsatira amayi awo. Ana amatha kudziyimira pawokha akafika zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, ndipo ndi m'badwo uno pomwe nyama zolusa zoterezi zimayamba kufunafuna ndikusankha gawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Akambuku ali pamwamba penipeni pa chakudya ndi kulumikizana kwa ma biocenoses onse okhala, ndipo mphamvu yake imawonekera bwino kwa anthu ambiri osagwirizana. Mitundu yayikulu ya kambuku ili ndi adani ochepa, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yayikulu ya nyamayo komanso mphamvu zake zosaneneka.
Zofunika! Kambukuyu ndi wanzeru kwambiri komanso wodabwitsa modabwitsa, wokhoza kuwunika mwachangu komanso molondola ngakhale zovuta, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chazidziwitso zanyama zanzeru.
Mwa nyama zamtchire, zimbalangondo zazikulu zokhazokha ndizokhoza kugonjetsa kambuku, koma monga lamulo, nyama zazing'ono zokha komanso zosalimbikitsidwa kwathunthu, komanso ana ang'onoang'ono, amakhala omwe amazunzidwa. Akambuku okula pakati nthawi zonse amakhala olimba kwambiri kuposa chimbalangondo chachikulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Akambuku a Amur ndi ena mwa tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili mu Red Book, ndipo akambuku a Bengal, ndi omwe ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Anthu ambiri akambuku a Indo-Chinese padziko lapansi pano alipo ku Malaysia, komwe kupha anthu mopepuka kwachepetsedwa ndi nkhanza.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu tsopano kuli pachiwopsezo, chifukwa cha kugawikana kwamitundu ndi kuswana, komanso kuwononga nyama zakutchire kuti zigulitse ziwalo zopangira mankhwala achi China. Chachitatu kwambiri pakati pa ma subspecies ena onse ndi kambuku wa ku Malaysia. Akambuku achi China ndi subspecies omwe pano ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chomaliza, chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, anthu oterewa kulibe.
Matigari ndi amuna
Akambuku amamenya munthu pafupipafupi kwambiri kuposa oimira ena onse amtchire a banja lachiweto. Zifukwa zakuwukiraku kumatha kukhala kuwonekera kwa anthu mdera la akambuku, komanso kusowa kwa nyama zachilengedwe zokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa mkwiyo wolusa kuyandikira malo okhala anthu.
Akambuku odyera anthu amasaka okha, ndipo nyama yovulala kapena yokalamba kwambiri ikufuna nyama yosavuta, yomwe munthu akhoza kukhala. Nyama yaying'ono komanso yathanzi yochokera kubanja la Feline samaukira anthu, koma nthawi zina imatha kuvulaza munthu. Pakadali pano palibe malipoti onena za akambuku omwe aukiridwa ndi anthu, ndiye kuti kuyerekezera kolondola kwa zodabwitsazi kungakhale koyerekeza.
Kuwonongeka kwa akambuku ndi anthu ndizofala kwambiri m'maiko ambiri.... Mankhwala achikhalidwe achi China amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zonse za thupi la kambuku, kuphatikiza mchira, ndevu ndi mbolo, yomwe imadziwika kuti aphrodisiac yamphamvu. Komabe, chitsimikiziro chilichonse cha sayansi kapena kafukufuku wamaganizidwe okayikitsa awa okhudza kufunika kwa ziwalo zina za thupi la nyama yakuthengo pakadali pano sichipezeka. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti ntchito iliyonse ya kambuku popanga mankhwala ndi yoletsedwa ku China, ndipo opha nyama mwachilango amalangidwa.
