Liwu lachi Greek loti θύμαλλος, pomwe dzina la grayling limachokera, limatanthauza "nsomba zamadzi zosadziwika". M'Chilatini amatchedwa Thymallus, ndipo "wakuda" waku Russia wotsindika pa syllable yoyamba adachokera m'zilankhulo za gulu la Baltic. Grayling ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la nsomba za m'banja laling'ono la grayling ndi banja la saumoni.
Kufotokozera kwa imvi
Nsomba yokongolayi sikuwoneka ngati nsomba, ngakhale ndi ya banja limodzi.... Akatswiri ambiri amaika patsogolo kukongola kwa nsomba zonse za nsomba.
Maonekedwe
Grayling ndiyosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi nsomba zina, ngakhale abale apafupi, ndi mawonekedwe ake - chikho chachikulu chakuthwa chofanana ndi mbendera kapena fan, chomwe chimatha kupindika ndikufikira pafupifupi kumapeto kwa caudal. "Mbendera" iyi ili ndi zamawangamawanga ngati kumbuyo chakumtunda.
Kukula kwa nsomba zimasiyana kwambiri kutengera momwe idakulira:
- ndi zinthu ziti posungira;
- mpweya wa madzi,
- kukula kwa chakudya;
- mode kuwala;
- kutentha kwa madzi, ndi zina zambiri.
M'mikhalidwe yosavomerezeka kwambiri, imvi imakula pang'ono ndipo imalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu yazaka 7 (Transbaikalian grayling). Kumalo abwino, kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 5-6 (ku Europe ndi ku Mongolia imvi). Avereji yamtengo wapatali ndi pafupifupi 3-4 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi la nsombayo ndi pafupifupi 30 cm, makamaka anthu akuluakulu amafika theka la mita kutalika.
Ndizosangalatsa! Makhalidwe apanyumba amakhudza osati kukula ndi kulemera kwake, komanso mtundu wa khungu loyera, komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wa thupi.
Thupi imvi ndiyolimba, yolunjika, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ziziyenda m'madzi amtsinje wachangu. Imakutidwa ndi masikelo akulu, ophatikizana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kumbuyo kwake kuli chinsalu chachikulu chowoneka ngati fani, komanso chinthu china - kanyumba kakang'ono ka adipose, chizindikiro cha nsomba "yolemekezeka". Pali zipsepse zam'mimba ndi zam'mimba, zipsepse za caudal ndi kumatako.
Pakamwa ang'onoang'ono, otchedwa "pamwamba", ndiye kuti, imatsegukira kumtunda kwa madzi. Mano ndi ofooka, omwe amakhala ndi "burashi" wowoneka pang'ono.
Kumvi adam'pangira kutchuka kwa nsomba yokongola komanso yokongola. Mdima wakuda wakumbuyo umadzipukutira ndimadontho ang'onoang'ono akuda, ndikupita kumapeto. Mbali zake zimakhala zopepuka, pamimba pamakhala imvi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Asayansi apeza mitundu pafupifupi 40 yamphongo yayikulu yakumaso ya imvi, yosiyana mawonekedwe, kukula, utoto, kapangidwe ka mawanga ndi mikwingwirima.
Zipsepsezo zimakhala zakuda, nthawi zina zofiirira (mchira) kapena zachikasu (m'mimba ndi pectoral). Mtundu wa thupi umatha kusiyanasiyana; imvi imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana:
- bulauni;
- ndi utoto wa lilac;
- mawanga;
- imvi yabuluu;
- zobiriwira.
Mitundu yokongola ngati imeneyi imathandiza imvi kubisala ndikupulumuka munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Zikuwoneka zowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso zowala nthawi yobereka. Mu akapolo achichepere, mtunduwo ndi "mwachangu" - pamzere wakuda wopingasa. Mitundu ina imasunga ikakula, nthawi zambiri iyi ndi mitundu yaying'ono yomwe imakhala m'madzi am'mapiri ataliatali.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Grayling ndi "wokhala pakhomo" pakati pa nsomba, amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika ndipo samayenda mtunda wopitilira 10-30 km kuchokera kumadzi ake am'madzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya nsomba - nsomba mu gawo limodzi lamadzi osakanikirana okhaokha. Chokhacho ndiye nthawi yobala imvi yakukhala mumitsinje yothamanga: nthawi yachisanu nsomba zimapita kumalo komwe zimayambira ndikukwera mumtsinje wamadzi osefukira, ndikubwerera nthawi yozizira.
Kukhazikika kumeneku kumafotokozanso kusiyanasiyana kwa zizolowezi za anthu osiyanasiyana akuda. Anthu onyentchera amanenepa popanda kusiya malo awo okhala, ndipo ena amtsinje amapita kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu.
Zofunika! Nsombazo sizokondwerera, zimasochera "pakampani" pokhapokha pakaswana.
Moyo chikhalidwe cha chilombocho chimalamula. Kumvi kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, kumvetsera kusintha pang'ono pang'ono: mthunzi wogwera pamadzi, ziwonetsero za angler kapena ndodo yosodza, kuyenda pafupi ndi madzi ndi madzi. Atagwidwa ndi zoopsa, nsombayo imabisala nthawi yomweyo.
Atasaka m'mawa, imvi imadzaza m'mimba mwake, ndipo masana imangotola timadzi tokoma pamwamba pamadzi - izi zimatchedwa "kusungunuka". Masana, imabisa mobisa makamaka m'malo obisalamo - algae, miyala, malo okumbikakumbika. Nthawi zina imvi "imasewera", ikudumphira m'madzi ndikusintha madigiri a 360 mlengalenga, ndikupanga zovuta zina. Umu ndi momwe thupi lamphamvu limadziphunzitsira kuti likhale ndi moyo m'madzi othamanga.
Utali wamoyo
Grayling amakhala zaka pafupifupi 14, ali wokonzeka kubereka ali ndi zaka 3-5.
Mitundu yakuda
Grayling imagawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake. Popeza zimatengera komwe kumakhala, mitunduyo idalandira mayina amalo ofanana.
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yakuda ndi ma subspecies ambiri.
Mongolian imvi - wamkulu kwambiri pabanja la imvi.
Mzere waku Europe - wokhala ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri ndi dorsal fin.
Wofiirira waku Siberia - ali ndi kamwa yayikulu kwambiri, mtundu wake ndi wakuda, utoto wazipsepse ndi lalanje, zipsepera zopanda utoto ndizofiirira kwambiri, pachifuwa pali malo ofiira. Ili ndi mitundu yambiri, mosiyana ndi malo okhala, utoto ndi mawonekedwe aziphuphu zazikuluzikulu:
- Subpecies aku West Siberia aku Ireland - ali ndi chidutswa chofupikitsa chakumaso, chowala ndi chitsulo, chokhala ndi zidutswa zazikulu;
- Subpecies a East Siberia - the fin ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ikapindidwa imangofika mchira, pakati pa kuwala kwake kuli mizere yofiira yakuda;
- Subpecies za Kamchatka ndizowoneka bwino, mawanga ali pafupi kulumikizana, ali ndi mutu ndi pakamwa lalikulu kwambiri;
- Subpecies za Alaska - kumapeto kumakhala kocheperako, mawanga ake amamangidwa m'mizere;
- subspecies Amur - pamapiko amchiuno - oblique mikwingwirima yofiira ndi utoto wofiirira;
- Baikal yoyera ndi yakuda ndi mitundu ina.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Monga tawonera m'mazina amtundu wa imvi, nsombayi imakhala m'malo ofanana:
- Chimongoliya - matupi am'madzi akum'mwera chakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mongolia;
- Mzungu - mabeseni mitsinje kumpoto ndi nyanja (Ladoga, Onega, etc.), White ndi nyanja Baltic, malekezero kumtunda kwa Volga, Dniester, Ural-mtsinje;
- Siberia - Siberia yonse: mabeseni amitsinje yayikulu (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur) ndi nyanja, kuphatikiza Nyanja ya Baikal.
Amakhala m'madzi abwino. Grayling amakonda madzi othamanga komanso oyera amitsinje yozizira kapena kristalo wamadzi am'masika, ndipo amakonda "kuyimilira" pamwamba pamiyala kapena miyala. Kulikonse komwe kuli kotheka, amasankha kukwera mwachangu. Madzi akuya si a iye, koma nthawi yachisanu basi amalowa m'maenje. Pakukhalira dziwe, imvi imapitilira kunyanja, imasambira pafupi nthawi yakusaka m'mawa komanso madzulo.
Pokhala kosatha (kuyimika magalimoto), ndikofunikira kuti imvi ikhale ndi malo okhala pafupi: miyala kapena zomera pansi, maenje, nthambi zamitengo zomwe zimapachikidwa m'madzi. Koma nthawi yomweyo ndi izi, imvi imafunikiranso yoyera, pomwe idzafunafuna nyama yomwe ili pansi pamadzi. Ngati imvi imakhazikika munyanja yayikulu, imangokhala pamiyala yosaya (mpaka 2 mita kuya) yokhala ndi miyala.
Zakudya zakuda
Nsombazi, zotchedwa chilombo, ndizodziwika bwino. Zakudya zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi tizilombo - mawere, ma cicadas, ziwala, ntchentche, ntchentche ndi ena onse omwe adasamalira kuwuluka pafupi ndi madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Anthu akulu sangaphonye mwayi wosaka nsomba, makamaka mwachangu. Ng'ombe, chowotcha kapena vole zikagwera m'madzi, imvi idzasangalala nayo.
Kuphatikiza pa tizilombo, imvi zimadyetsa pazinthu zazing'ono - gammarus crustaceans, caddis ntchentche, molluscs, mayflies, ndi zina zambiri. Amakonda caviar ya nsomba zina. Ngati palibe izi, azidya ndere.
Kubereka ndi ana
Imvi imamera katatu: pakati ndi kumapeto kwa masika, komanso mu Ogasiti... Kuti achite izi, amafunika malo ake amadzi ozizira kuti azitha kutentha +5 - +10 madigiri Celsius. Pobzala nsomba, malo osaya (30-60 cm kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi) amasankhidwa ndi madzi osafulumira kwambiri komanso miyala yamiyala, ndipo anthu okhala m'nyanjayi potulutsa madzi oyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena amapita m'mitsinje ikutsikira m'mitsinje.
Mitundu ya Siberia imabereka nthawi yamadzi ochuluka m'mitsinje - ichi ndi chiyambi cha chilimwe chakumpoto chakumpoto. Pachifukwa ichi, imvi imasiya mitsinje yayikulu kukhala mitsinje, komwe madzi sadzaphwanyidwa ngakhale m'madzi okwera. Akazi a imvi, omanga zisa zapadera, amaponyera mazira ambiri (3-10 zikwi) pamenepo, kuwagawa magawo. Dzira lililonse limakhala pafupifupi 3 mm kukula, chikasu chonyezimira. Pambuyo masiku 15-20, mphutsi zachangu zimaswa kuchokera m'mazira.
Adani achilengedwe
Grayling si chakudya cha ambiri okhala mumtsinje, komabe, nsomba zazikulu monga taimen ndi pike zitha kukhala adani ake achilengedwe. Minks, otters, beavers, komanso mbalame zowedza monga ma kingfisher ndi ma dippers amatha kusaka imvi. Mwachangu ndi okonzeka kudyedwa ndi nsomba ndi mbalame zina, makamaka ma tern omwe amawakonda.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19, zakhala zikuchepa kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zikuluzikulu Wofiirira waku Siberia m'mabeseni a Oka, Volga ndi mitsinje ina. Mitundu yaying'ono, "mitsinje" imabwezeretsa kuchuluka kwake, chifukwa imabala pafupipafupi ndipo siyabwino kwenikweni posodza. Palibe chowopsa chilichonse pakutha kwa imvi.
Komabe, m'malo angapo, chinthu chosafunikira chimatha kukhala chinthu chofunikira - kuipitsa kuyeretsa kwa madzi, komwe nsombayi imafuna kwambiri, kapena kuwedza kwambiri.Mzere waku Europe imapezeka pamndandanda wazotetezedwa malinga ndi Berne Convention, ndipo imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Books za Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Germany ndi mayiko ena.
Mtengo wamalonda
Nsombayi ndi imodzi mwazokonda kusodza. Chifukwa chake sichimangodya nyama yokha, komanso njira yosakira yosangalatsa.
Zofunika! Kusodza kwamalonda kumachitika mochepa kwambiri, kusodza kosaloledwa kumaloledwa kokha pansi pa layisensi.
Mvi ndi nsomba zamphamvu, zanzeru komanso zosamala, chifukwa chake ndi mwayi kwa woyimba kuti agwire mdani wotere. Kwa anglers, kugwira imvi ndi luso lapadera. Nyama yakuda ndiyofewa kwambiri, kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa mumapezeka nsomba.
