Nsombazi zidalowa m'gulu lachilengedwe monga Sparus aurata. Kuphatikiza pa dzina lodziwika bwino - dorado - zotumphukira kuchokera ku Latin zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito: golide spar, aurata. Mayina onse amalumikizidwa ndi chitsulo chabwino. Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa mophweka: pamutu pa nsomba, pakati pa maso, pali kachigawo kakang'ono ka golide.
Kuphatikiza pa mayina omwe ali pamwambapa, nsomba ili ndi ena: sea carp, orata, chipura. Dzinalo darado litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati lachikazi kapena laku Europe - zotsatira zake ndi dorada kapena dorado.
Dera la dorado ndiloling'ono: Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Atlantic, moyandikana ndi Morocco, Portugal, Spain, France. Kudera lonse logawa, nyanja carp kapena dorado ndizomwe zimawedza. Kuyambira masiku a Roma wakale, dorado yakhala ikuyambidwa mwanzeru. Tsopano ntchitoyi ikupangidwa m'maiko a Maghreb, Turkey, ndi madera akumwera kwa Europe.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nsombayo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozindikirika. Oval, thupi lathyathyathya. Msinkhu wautali kwambiri wa nsomba ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwake. Ndiye kuti, matupi a dorado amafanana ndi a carpian crucian. Mbiri yotsika kwambiri kumutu. Pakatikati pa mbiriyo muli maso, m'munsi mwake muli pakamwa pakamwa wakuda, gawo lake limapendekera pansi. Zotsatira zake, dorado pachithunzipa osakhala ochezeka, "wamba".
Mano amakonzedwa m'mizere chapamwamba komanso nsagwada za nsomba. Mzere woyamba pali mayines 4-6 ofanana. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi mizere yokhala ndi ma molars osavuta. Mano omwe amakhala m'mizere yakutsogolo ndi amphamvu kuposa omwe amakhala ozama.
Zipsepsezo ndi za mtundu wa nsomba, ndiye kuti, zolimba komanso zaminga. Zipsepse za pectoral ndi msana umodzi ndi cheza 5. Msana wamtali umakhala pamwambapa, chifukwa umatsikira pansi - cheza chofupikitsa. Mimbwe yamkati imakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse lakumaso kwa thupi. Chinsinsicho chimakhala ndi mitsempha 11 komanso 13-14 yofewa, osati kunyezimira pang'ono. Nthiti, zipsepse zamakolo zokhala ndi mitsempha itatu ndi cheza 11-12.
Mtundu wonse wa thupi ndi wotuwa mopepuka wokhala ndimayendedwe ang'onoang'ono. Kumbuyo kumakhala mdima, kolowera, thupi lakumunsi limakhala loyera. Mzere wotsatirawo ndiwowonda, wowoneka bwino pamutu, pafupifupi umasowa kumchira. Kumayambiriro kwa mzere wotsatira, mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi pali malo amakala amakala.
Mbali yakutsogolo ya mutu ndi mtovu wakuda; pambali iyi, malo agolide, opingasa amaonekera, omwe ali pakati pa maso a nsomba. Kwa achinyamata, kukongoletsa kumeneku kumafotokozedwa moperewera, mwina kungakhale kulibe. Mzere umadutsa kumapeto kwa dorsal. Mizere yakuda kwakanthawi nthawi zina imatha kuwona thupi lonse.
Mapiko a caudal ali ndi mawonekedwe ofala kwambiri, okhala ndi mphanda, omwe akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amatcha kuti homocercal. Mchira ndi kumapeto kwake kumafanana. Ma lobes omaliza ndi amdima, m'mbali mwake akunja wazunguliridwa ndi malire pafupifupi akuda.
Mitundu
Dorado Ndi a mtundu wa spars, womwe nawonso, ndi wa banja la spar, kapena, monga amatchulidwira nthawi zambiri, sea carp. Dorado ndi mtundu wa monotypic, ndiye kuti, alibe subspecies.
Koma pali namesake. Pali nsomba yomwe imatchedwanso dorado. Dzinalo lake ndi Salminus brasiliensis, membala wa banja la haracin. Nsomba ndi madzi abwino, amakhala m'mitsinje yaku South America: Parana, Orinoco, Paraguay ndi ena.
Onse awiriwa ndi olumikizana chifukwa chakupezeka kwamadontho agolide. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba ziwirizi ndi zolowera usodzi. South American dorado ili ndi chidwi ndi asodzi okhaokha, Atlantic - kwa othamanga ndi asodzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Dorado — nsomba nyanja. Imalekerera madzi amchere komanso kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Dorado amakhala moyo wake kumtunda, m'mitsinje, m'nyanja zamchere. Nsomba zokhwima zimatsatira kuzama pafupifupi 30 m, koma zimatha kutsika mpaka 100-150 mita.
Amakhulupirira kuti nsombazi zimakhala moyo wokhazikika, wosakhazikika. Koma ili si lamulo lamtheradi. Kusamuka kwa chakudya kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Spain ndi British Isles kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Maulendo amachitika ndi anthu osakwatira kapena magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nsomba zimabwerera m'malo ozama poopa kutentha.
Alfred Edmund Brehm, mu kafukufuku wodziwika bwino wa "The Life of Animals", adati anthu am'nthawi yake - a Venetian - adabweretsa dorado m'madziwe ambiri. Iwo anatengera mchitidwewu kuchokera kwa Aroma akale.
M'nthawi yathu ino, kulima kwa dorado, spars zagolide m'minda yam'madzi zakhala zofala. Izi zimapereka chifukwa chotsimikizira kuti pali zokula mwanzeru ndipo zimawoneka mwachilengedwe mitundu ya dorado.
Golden Spar, aka Dorado, yakula m'njira zingapo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, nsomba zimasungidwa momasuka m'mayiwe ndi m'madzi. Ndi njira yolimbikira yolima, zodyetsera ndi zitseko zazikulu zimayikidwa m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja. Njira zazikulu zimakhudzanso ntchito yomanga matanki omwe ali pamwamba.
Njirazi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mtengo womanga, kusunga nsomba. Koma mtengo wopangira, pamapeto pake, umakhala wofanana. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira inayake yopanga kumadalira momwe zinthu ziliri kwanuko komanso miyambo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Greece, njira yotukuka kwambiri ndiyosunga kwaulere dorado.
Njira zochuluka zogwirira dorado zili pafupi ndi nsomba zamwambo. Misampha yatchera pamisewu yosamukira nsomba. Maanja achichepere okha agolide amachotsedwa pamakampani, omwe amatulutsidwa kwambiri munyanja. Njirayi imafunikira zida zochepa, koma zotsatira za nsomba zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri sizimadziwika.
M'magombe olimidwa kwambiri, osati ma dorado juveniles okha, komanso mphukira za mullet, bass sea, ndi eel nthawi zambiri zimamasulidwa. Golden Spar imakula mpaka kukula kwake kogulitsa kwa 350 g m'miyezi 20. Pafupifupi 20-30% ya nsomba zotulutsidwa zimatsatira komwe amakhala zimayamba nthawi yonseyi.
Kupanga kwa Dorado ndi zinthu zaulere kumafikira makilogalamu 30-150 pa hekitala pachaka kapena 0,0025 kg pa kiyubiki mita. mita. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba sizidyetsedwa moyenera, ndalama zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito kukulira mwachangu. Njira yowonjezerayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi usodzi wamtundu wa dorado ndi njira zina zowonjezereka.
Ndi njira yocheperako yoperekera dorado, kuwongolera anthu pazokwera kwambiri kuposa kulisunga mwaulere. Pali njira zosankhira ana kukhala achikulire kuti muchepetse zotayika ndikufupikitsa nthawi kuti mufike pamsika.
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga nsomba m'makola akuluakulu panyanja. Poterepa, nsomba zimadyetsedwa, ndipo, nthawi zina, malo osungira nsomba amapatsidwa mpweya. Ndi njirayi, pafupifupi 1 kg ya nsomba zogulitsidwa zimapezeka kuchokera ku kiyubiki mita imodzi yamadzi. Zokolola zonse ndi 500-2500 kg pa hekita pachaka.
Njira yolima ya Dorado imakhudza magawo angapo. Choyamba, mwachangu amapezeka kuchokera ku caviar. M'madziwe okhala ndi kutentha kwa 18-26 ° C ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba kwa 15-45 kg pa kiyubiki mita. Mamita ndiwo chakudya choyamba. Gawo loyamba limatha dorado wachichepere akalemera 5 g.
Pakulera kwina, awiriawiri agolide amasamutsidwa kumalo owoneka bwino kwambiri. Izi zitha kukhala zamtunda, maiwe amkati kapena akasinja oyandama omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kapena nyumba zachitetezo zomwe zimayikidwa munyanja.
Dorado amalekerera moyo wokhala ndi anthu ambiri, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa nsomba m'madamu awa ndikokwanira. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chakudya chokwanira komanso mpweya wabwino. Zikatero, dorado imakula mpaka 350-400 g pachaka.
Njira zonse zoberekera ku dorado zimakhala ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Minda yotsogola kwambiri imagwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yodyetsera nsomba m'makola am'madzi. Poterepa, palibe mtengo wothandizira aeration, kuyeretsa ndi kupopera madzi kumafunikira. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nsomba mu khola kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kuposa dziwe lanyumba.
Kugawidwa kwa ntchito pakati pa minda ya nsomba kumachitika mwachilengedwe. Ena anayamba kugwira ntchito yopanga achinyamata, ena amalima golide ku msika wogulitsa, ndiye kuti, mpaka kulemera kwa 400 g.Dorado imatha kukula kwambiri - mpaka 10 kapena 15 kg, koma nsomba zazikulu sizikufunika kwenikweni, nyama yake imawonedwa kuti ndiyotsika zokoma.
Dorado sadyetsedwa kwa maola 24 asanagulitsidwe. Nsomba zanjala zimalekerera mayendedwe bwino ndikusunganso mawonekedwe awo kwanthawi yayitali. Pa siteji ya nsomba, nsomba zimasankhidwa: zitsanzo zowonongeka komanso zopanda moyo zimachotsedwa. Njira zopezera nsomba zimadalira njira yosungira. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala nsomba zomwe zili ndi ukonde kapena kufanana kwa trawl.
Mtengo wakukula kwa Dorado ndiokwera kwambiri. Munthu aliyense amawononga pafupifupi 1 euro. Osaposa mtengo wapamwamba wa nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa mwachilengedwe, koma zimatchulidwa ndi ogula apamwamba. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina dorado yolimidwa mwanjira inayake imawonetsedwa ngati nsomba zomwe zagwidwa panyanja.
Zakudya zabwino
Dorado amapezeka m'malo olemera ndi ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono, ma molluscs. Ndiwo chakudya chachikulu cha nsombazi. Gulu la mano, lokhala ndi ma canine ndi ma molars amphamvu, limakupatsani mwayi wogwira nyama ndikuphwanya zipolopolo za shrimp, crustaceans ang'ono ndi mamazelo.
Dorado amadya nsomba zazing'ono, zamoyo zam'madzi zam'madzi. Tizilombo timasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi, mazira amatengedwa pakati pa nderezo, ndipo samakana ndendende zomwezo. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza nsomba, chakudya chouma chogwiritsa ntchito granulated chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimapangidwa pamaziko a soya, chakudya cha nsomba, zinyalala zopangira nyama.
Nsombazi sizosankha kwenikweni pankhani ya chakudya, koma zimayamikiridwa ndi ma gourmets ndipo ndizopangidwa ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Zakudya za Dorado zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zaku Mediterranean. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake zokoma dorado osati zakudya zokha komanso mankhwala.
100 g ya spar golide (dorado) ili ndi 94 kcal, 18 g wa protein, 3.2 g wamafuta osati gramu ya chakudya. Monga zakudya zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya zaku Mediterranean, dorado imachepetsa cholesterol yamagazi, imakulitsa kukhathamira kwa mitsempha, ndiye kuti dorado imalimbana ndi atherosclerosis.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mbale kuchokera ku nsombazi kumawonetsedwa pakufunika kuti muchepetse kunenepa. Kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu, kuphatikiza pakulimbikitsa ntchito ya minofu yamtima ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga, kumathandizira ubongo, kukumbukira kukumbukira, ndikuwonjezera luntha.
Iodini ndi gawo limodzi la nsomba zambiri; kulinso zambiri ku dorado. Matenda a chithokomiro, chitetezo cha mthupi, kagayidwe kake, ziwalo ndi ziwalo zina za thupi zimavomereza izi ndi mtima wonse.
Nthawi zina luso lophikira silifunikira kukonzekera mbale kuchokera ku golide spar. Ndikokwanira kutenga fillet ya dorado ndi kuphika mu uvuni. Ma gourmets amatha kutenga vuto kuti aziphika okha kapena kuyitanitsa, mwachitsanzo, dorado mu crust ya pistachio kapena dorado wokhala ndi vinyo, kapena dorado wokhala ndi msuzi wa hollandaise, ndi zina zotero.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Golden spar (dorado) pomwe idakhalako imatha kusintha mwachilengedwe amuna kapena akazi. Dorado amabadwa ngati wamwamuna. Ndipo amatsogolera moyo wamunthu wamwamuna. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, amuna amabadwanso kwatsopano kukhala akazi. Gonad yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati testis imakhala thumba losunga mazira.
Kukhala amuna ndi akazi si zachilendo mu nyama ndi zomera. Nsomba zonse zam'mabanja awiriwa zimakhala ndi njirayi. Mwa iwo pali mitundu yomwe nthawi imodzi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a amuna ndi akazi.
Pali zomwe zimasinthasintha mikhalidwe ina yakugonana. Dorado, chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa moyo wamwamuna ndikupitilira kwachikazi, amatsatira dichogamy ngati protandria.
Kugwa, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala, akazi a Dorado amaikira mazira 20,000 mpaka 80,000. Dorado caviar chochepa kwambiri, chosaposa 1 mm m'mimba mwake. Kukula kwamadzi ozungulira kumatenga nthawi yayitali - pafupifupi masiku 50 kutentha kwa 17-18 ° C. Kenako pamatuluka mwachangu mwachangu, zambiri zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Pakubala kopangira, zinthu zoyambirira kuswana zidatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku chilengedwe. M'mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo, famu iliyonse yayikulu yamchere imakhala ndi zoweta zawo - gwero la mazira ndi mwachangu.
Ng'ombe zazikazi zimasungidwa padera; kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yobereketsa, Dorado wobereketsa amasamutsidwa kumabesi oberekera. Kusunga mulingo woyenera wamwamuna ndi wamkazi ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa chazomwe nsomba zimakonda kusintha zogonana.
Nsombazo zimabweretsedwa nthawi yobereka powonjezera kuwunikira ndikuwonjezera kutentha kofunikira. Mu nsomba, kusintha kwa thupi kumachitika, ngati kuti mwachilengedwe zimayandikira nthawi yobereka.
Pali njira ziwiri zolerera za dorado mwachangu: m'matangi ang'onoang'ono ndi akulu. Pamene mwachangu amapangidwa m'matangi ang'onoang'ono, 150-200 mwachangu amaswa 1 litre lamadzi chifukwa chakuwongolera bwino madzi.
Mukamaswa mwachangu m'madziwe akuluakulu, osapitilira 10 mwachangu amaswa 1 litre la madzi. Zokolola zadongosolo lino ndizotsika, koma njirayi ili pafupi ndi zachilengedwe, ndichifukwa chake ana aamuna ambiri a Dorado amabadwa.
Pambuyo masiku 3-4, ma yolk matumba awiriawiri agolide amatha. Mwachangu ndi okonzeka kudyetsa. Ma Rotifers nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kwa a Dorado obadwa kumene. Pambuyo masiku 10-11, Artemia imawonjezeredwa kwa ma rotifers.
Asanadyetse ma crustaceans amapindula ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi, mafuta acids, mavitamini. Kuphatikiza apo, ma microalgae amawonjezeredwa m'madzi omwe mwachangu amakhala. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ana azikhala bwino. Mukafika kulemera kwa 5-10 g, zakudya zamapuloteni kwambiri zimatha.
A Dorado mwachangu amasiya nazale ali ndi zaka 45. Amasamutsidwa kupita ku dziwe lina, ndikusinthidwa ndi magetsi ena. Kudyetsa kumakhalabe pafupipafupi, koma chakudya chimasunthira mumafakitale, mawonekedwe amtundu. Dorado ayamba kugulitsa.
Mtengo
Golden Spar mwachizolowezi ndi nsomba zokoma. Kawirikawiri nsomba zomwe zimakhala ndi maukonde ndi ma trawls ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha a Dorado chokhala pawokha kapena kukhala pagulu laling'ono. Kuswana kwachilengedwe kwapangitsa kuti nsomba zizikhala zotsika mtengo. Kutsika kwenikweni kwamitengo kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 21 zokha, ndikuwonekera kwa minda yayikulu ya nsomba.
Dorado itha kugulidwa pamsika waku Europe kwama 5.5 mayuro pa kilogalamu. Ku Russia, mitengo yama spar golide yayandikira ku Europe. Ritelo mtengo wa dorado imakhala kuyambira 450 mpaka 600 komanso 700 rubles pa kilogalamu.
