Scorpio ndi m'modzi wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi
Zinkhanira zimachokera ku eurypterids, nyongolosi yotayika yomwe idalipo nthawi ya Paleozoic, inali yofanana ndi zinkhanira zamakono, koma imakhala m'madzi. Izi zimawerengedwa ngati chitsanzo chabwino cha kusintha kwa nyama kuchokera kumadzi kupita kumtunda.
Akatswiri ena amatsutsa izi, ponena za kusanthula kwa cladistic (imodzi mwanjira za sayansi zamagulu azachilengedwe). Akatswiri a paleontologists amavomereza kuti zinkhanira zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zosachepera 400 miliyoni. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala amodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Scorpio - Arachnid wolanda nyama. Ali ndi miyendo 8. Miyendo iwiri imatha ndi zikhadabo. Gawo logawika mchira lokhala ndi zokhota kumapeto kumapeto kwake limapangitsa kuti lizioneka. Mitundu yonse yodziwika 1,750 ndiyofanana koma imasiyana kukula. Kutalika kumasiyana kuchokera ku 1.3 cm mpaka 23 cm.
Thupi limakhala ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu ziwiri (togmat): mutu ndi mimba. Gawo loyenda mozungulira, limakhala ndi gawo lakumbuyo kwakunja ndi kumbuyo. Kumbuyo kumakhala ndi zinthu zisanu. Gawo limamangiriridwa kumapeto, lomwe limatha ndi singano. Pamapeto pa singano pali malo awiri ogulitsira poizoni. Scorpion pachithunzichi nthawi zonse amawonetsa mchira wopindika wokhala ndi singano.
The poyizoni amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa. Amazunguliridwa ndi minofu, yomwe imatha kupangika kamadzimadzi kamene kamatuluka ndimatendawa kamadutsa m'madontho mpaka kumapeto kwa singano, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita mthupi la wovulalayo. Gawo la mutu ndi mgwirizano wamutu ndi chifuwa, chomwe chimatchedwa cephalothorax kapena Cephalothorax. Cephalothorax imakutidwa ndi chitinous membrane.
Maso ndi pakamwa zili pamutu. Pakamwa pali chelicerae - njira zodyera, zimagwira ngati nsagwada. Amatsatiridwa ndi ma pedipalps - zikhadabo. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi magulu awiri amiyendo omwe amatsimikizira kuyenda kwa arachnid.
Pamwamba pa cephalothorax pali maso. Scorpio — nyama, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi peyala imodzi kapena isanu ndi umodzi yamaso. Maso akulu awiriwa amakhala pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri. Amatchedwa apakatikati ndipo amapezeka pachimake pa cephalothorax. Enawo amasewera mbali ya maso owonjezera, omwe amakhala kumanzere ndi kumanja kutsogolo kwa thupi.
Maso apakati ndi ovuta kwambiri. Sangapereke chithunzi chosiyana, koma ndi ziwalo zowoneka bwino kwambiri pakati pa ma arachnids. Amatha kuzindikira ngakhale mitsinje yaying'ono ing'onoing'ono. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wosiyanitsa mizere yadziko lozungulira mumdima.
Mitundu
Kusankha funso loti kaya kodi chinkhanira chili m'gulu lanyama ziti, ingoyang'anani pa gulu lachilengedwe. Scorpions amapanga timu. Ndi za gulu la ma arachnids, omwe nawonso ali pansi pa mtundu wa ma arthropods.
Mabanja akulu omwe amapanga scorpion squad:
1. Akravidae - banja lomwe mumakhala mtundu umodzi ndi mtundu umodzi (Akrav israchanani). Anapezeka kuphanga lina ku Israeli. Mbali yapadera ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa ziwalo zamasomphenya.
Nkhanira wamphanga Akravidae
2. Bothriuridae ndi banja la mitundu ing'onoing'ono 140 ya zinkhanira. Mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe imapezeka ku Australia ndi South Africa. Ena onse amakhala ku South America.
Chigoba Bothriuridae
3. Buthidae - mabotolo. Banja ili limaphatikizapo mitundu 900. Kupatula ku Antarctica, amakhala m'makontinenti onse. Kukula kwa nyamazi ndizochepa. Ambiri amakhala ndi masentimita 2. Kukula kwake kumafika masentimita 12.
Chinkhanira Buthidae
4. Caraboctonidae - genera 4 ndi mitundu 30 ya zinkhanira izi zimapezeka ku America. Mmodzi mwa mitunduyi amatha kutalika mpaka masentimita 14, amakhala ndi moyo wokwanira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'masamba anyumba. Mtundu uwu umatchedwa Hadrurus arizonensis kapena Scorpion waubweya wa Arizona.
Scorpion Caraboctonidae
5. Chactidae - Zinkhanira za Hectid. Mitundu 170 ya mibadwo 11 ili m'gulu lino. Dziko lakwawo ndi Central America.
Scorpion Chactidae
6. Chaerilidae - banjali limaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wa Chaerilus, womwe umaphatikizapo mitundu 35, adakhazikika kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia.
Scorpion Chaerilidae
7. Euscorpiidae ndi banja la mitundu 90. Kugawidwa ku America, Asia. Pali mitundu yomwe imapezeka kumwera kwa England. Banja ili limaphatikizaponso Crimea scorpion (dzina lamachitidwe: Euscorpius tauricus). Zinkhanira ku Russia choyimiridwa ndi mitundu yachilengedweyi.
Scorpion Euscorpiidae
8. Hemiscorpiidae kapena Hemiskorpeids - mitundu 90 imaphatikizidwa m'banja lino. Ena amangidwa. Banja ili limaphatikizapo Hemiscorpius lepturus - chinkhanira choopsa kwa anthu.
Scorpion Hemiscorpiidae
9. Ischnuridae ndi banja laling'ono. Mulinso mitundu 4 yokha. Kugawidwa ku Central Asia, Vietnam ndi Laos.
Scorpion Ischnuridae
10. Iuridae - 2 genera, mitundu 8 ili m'gulu lino. Ndi wamba ku Greece, Syria, Turkey, ndi kumpoto kwa Iraq.
Scorpion Iuridae
11. Microcharmidae ndi banja laling'ono la mitundu iwiri ndi mitundu 15. Arachnids ndi ochepa, kuyambira 1 mpaka 2 cm.Amakhala ku Africa ndi Madagascar.
Scorpion Microcharmidae
12. Pseudochactidae ndi banja la mitundu 4. Amakhala m'mapanga ku Central Asia ndi Vietnam.
Scorpion Pseudochactidae
13. Scorpionidae - mitundu 262, yomwe iwiri ilipo, ndi gawo la banjali ndipo amakhala kulikonse kupatula ku Europe ndi Antarctica. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imasungidwa kunyumba. Scorpion yachifumu (dzina la makina: Pandinus imperator) ndiyotchuka kwambiri. Imatha kutalika mpaka 20 cm ndikufika mpaka 30 g.
Chinkhanira Scorpionidae
14. Kukhulupirira zamatsenga - banja lili ndi mtundu umodzi. Izi ndizochepa (2-2.5 cm cm), zinkhanira zachikasu kapena zachikasu zofiirira zomwe zimapezeka ku Arizona.
Scorpion Zamatsenga
15. Vaejovidae - banjali limaphatikizapo mibadwo 17 ndi mitundu 170. Mitundu yonse imapezeka ku Mexico ndi zigawo zakumwera kwa United States.
Scorpion Vaejovidae
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Pali zinkhanira zomwe zimakonda malo otentha, owuma, achipululu komanso achipululu. Koma mawu akuti chinkhanira nyama m'chipululusizowona kwathunthu. M'malo mwake, amatha kupezeka mdera lililonse lomwe silimadziwika nyengo yachisanu yozizira kwambiri. Ngakhale oimira ena (mwachitsanzo, banja la Buthidae) amalekerera kutentha mpaka -25 ° C.
Mitundu ina simamangiriridwa kumalo enaake. Amapezeka m'nkhalango, m'munda komanso ngakhale mzindawo. Mwachitsanzo, chinkhanira cha ku Italiya (dzina lachilatini: Euscorpius italicus) chimakhala ku Europe konse, ku South ndi North Caucasus. Ena amangosankha mtundu winawake.
Mitundu yoyera imakhala m'malo achinyezi, oopsa - chipululu. Okonda nyama zambiri zakutchire amasunga zinkhanira kunyumba. Kupanga malo oti arachnid akhale kumakhala kosavuta. Galasi lozungulira laling'ono lidzachita.
Nthawi zambiri, okonda nyama izi amakhala ndi mitundu ya oletsa Pandinus. Chinkhanira ichi chimakhala mu ukapolo kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka 10. Imakula kukula kwakukulu, mpaka masentimita 20. Sikuti pachabe amatchedwa kuti mfumu. Zomwe sizofunikira, poyizoni wake ali ndi poyizoni wochepa.
Chinkhanira mchipululu
Kutentha ndi chinyezi mu terrarium zimasinthidwa ndi mitundu yosankhidwa. Akalulu a Emperor amakonda chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha (pafupifupi 25 ° C). Chinkhanira chimadyetsedwa kamodzi pa sabata. Crickets 1-2 kapena ziphuphu zimakhutitsa chilombocho.
Koma emperor scorpion ndi owopsa. Izi zimapangitsa, pamaso pa akatswiri, osati nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri. Poterepa, okonda zosowa amasankha mitundu Androctonus australis (mwina: zinkhanira zakuda).
Amapha anthu khumi ndi awiri chaka chilichonse. Mkaidi wawo ndi wosavuta ngati wa zinkhanira zachifumu. Zovuta zachitetezo zimabwera poyamba. Wopha chinkhanira sayenera kuthawa.
Zakudya zabwino
Chakudya cha nkhanira - izi ndizoyambirira, tizilombo, akangaude, agulugufe. Chilichonse chomwe chitha kugwira ndi chilichonse chomwe chingakwaniritse, kuphatikiza mamembala amtundu wake. Chinkhanira chamwayi chimatha kupha ndikudya buluzi kapena mbewa.
M'mikhalidwe yovuta, zinkhanira zimatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwanthawi yayitali. Milandu yambirimbiri yanjala yamatendawa yosungidwa yochita bwino yalembedwa. Poyenera, chinkhanira chimatha kudya wachibale, ndiye kuti amadya anzawo.
Miyendo ya arachnid iyi ili ndi tsitsi lodziwika bwino. Amanyamula kugwedezeka kwa nthaka chifukwa cha tizilombo tomwe timawonekera pafupi ndi chinkhanira. Ndiye pali kugwidwa kwa wovulalayo mosazindikira. Kuyang'ana pa mphamvu zamagetsi kumapangitsa chinkhanira kukhala wosaka bwino usiku.
Scorpion kudya mphutsi za tizilombo
Chinkhanira chakupha jakisoni sikuti nthawi zonse. Muyenera kusunga poizoni. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti achire. Chifukwa chake, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timaphedwa ndi kugwirana ndi kung'amba. Kapena mukhale chakudya mukadali ndi moyo.
Chinkhanira sichingameze mbali zolimba za tizilombo. Imatulutsa madzi am'mimba okwanira, ndipo imayamwa chilichonse chomwe chimalowa mmawonekedwe amadzimadzi.Scorpio ndi yoopsa Nyama yodya usiku.
Koma nthawi zambiri amakhala wovutitsidwa ndi nyama zina. Malo oyamba pakati pa osaka zinkhanira amakhala ndi zinkhanira zokha. Akangaude, mbalame ndi nyama zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono zimasaka nyamazi. Kutha msinkhu kwa poizoni kumatsimikizira kupambana. Kuukira mwachangu kumbuyo kumathandizanso chimodzimodzi. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mongooses, hedgehogs ndi anyani.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mwambo wokutira umaphatikizaponso kuvina kwachikondi ndi mating. Yaimuna imagwira yaikazi ndi patsogolo ndi kuyamba kutsogolera kumbuyo kwake. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kumatha kupitilira kwa maola ambiri.
Pakati pa kuvina kwachilendo uku, wamwamuna amatulutsa kapisozi wokhala ndi madzimadzi (spermatophore). Mkazi, kutsatira wamwamuna, amakumana ndi umuna. Amalowa kumaliseche aakazi, omwe ali pamunsi pamimba. Feteleza amapezeka.
Chinkhanira chachikazi ndi ana
Kutha kwa gule wokwatirana kumagwirizana ndikumapeto kwa njira yobereketsa. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kuti wamwamuna achoke mwachangu, apo ayi adyedwa. Mimba ya mkazi imakhala nthawi yayitali: kuyambira miyezi ingapo mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Zotsatira zake, ana 20 kapena 30 kapena kupitilira apo amabadwa. Makanda obadwa kumene amawonekera m'modzi m'modzi ndipo amayikidwa kumbuyo kwa amayi.
Scorpion yosagwira, koma ili ndi mphindikati woboola pakati. M'matenda obadwa kumene, ndi ofewa. Pambuyo pa maola ochepa, chipolopolocho chimayamba kuuma. Zinkhanira zazing'ono zimachoka kumbuyo kwa amayi ndikuyamba kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Vuto loyamba lomwe limadza m'miyoyo yawo ndi amayi awo omwe. Amatha kudya ana ake.
Chimodzi mwamagawo ofunikira m'moyo wa chinkhanira ndi kusungunuka. Msinkhu wa nyamakazi zazing'ono umayezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ma molts. Kuti mukhale achikulire, zinkhanira zazing'ono zimayenera kupulumuka 5-7 molts.
Ming'alu ya exoskeleton, chinkhanira chimatuluka mchipolopolo chakale, imakhalabe yofewa komanso yopanda chitetezo mpaka zida zatsopanozo zitauma. Zinkhanira zimakhala ndi moyo wautali. Kuyambira 2 mpaka 10 wazaka. Pazifukwa zabwino, gawo ili la moyo limatha kupitilizidwa.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati walumidwa ndi chinkhanira
Scorpions amasaka usiku, kufunafuna malo obisika kuti apumule masana. Amatha kukhala ming'alu pakhoma, kumwaza miyala, kapena zipinda za zovala zosiyidwa. M'madera omwe nyamakazi izi ndizofala, chinkhanira kuluma, amatha kufikira munthu kulikonse komanso nthawi iliyonse.
Zomwe thupi la munthu limachita poyizoni zimadalira mtundu wa chinkhanira komanso momwe munthuyo alili. Nthawi zina, kumwa pang'ono poizoni wotsitsika kumatha kubweretsa mantha a anaphylactic. Kulumidwa kwa nyamakazi kumaphatikizidwa mu gulu la ICD 10 - W57 yodziwika bwino yapadziko lonse lapansi yamatenda. Kuluma kwa poizoni kumalandira nambala yowonjezera ya X22.
Chinkhanira
Pali zizindikiro zambiri zoluma. Munthuyo amayamba kumva ngati kuti ndi poyizoni wazakudya. Kufiira kumawoneka pamalo olumirako. Zotupa zitha kuwoneka pathupi. Kupsyinjika kumawuka. Bronchospasm ikhoza kuyamba.
Powona chinkhanira ndikumva kuluma, muyenera kupeza malo olumirako. Ngati ndi kotheka, samwetsani poizoni. Nthawi zina zimalimbikitsidwa kusungunula malo olumirako. Koma akatswiri akunena kuti sizingabweretse china chilichonse koma kuwawa kwina.
Kupambana kwina kumadalira momwe chithandizo chamankhwala chimaperekedwa mwachangu. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa ana, okalamba, ndi amayi apakati. Chilombo chachilendo chinkhanira. Ndi chakupha. Ali ndi dzina losasangalatsa. Ali ndi mawonekedwe owopsa. Imagwira usiku. Sizichita zabwino zilizonse. Koma adakhala padziko lathu lapansi zaka zopitilira 400 miliyoni ndipo sanasinthe konse.
