Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi - kangaude wamapululu apakatikati ndi malo ena amchenga kumwera kwa Africa. Ndi membala wa banja la kangaude wa araneomorphic, ndipo abale apafupi a kangaude nthawi zina amapezeka ku Africa ndi South America. Achibale ake apamtima ndi akangaude omwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi
Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi amadziwikanso kuti kangaude wa maso asanu ndi mmodzi chifukwa chakuyenda bwino komanso miyendo yamtsogolo. Amakhulupirira kuti poizoni wolumidwa ndi akangaudewa ndi owopsa kwambiri akangaude onse. Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi m'modzi ndi zamoyo zakale zomwe zisanachitike ku Gondwanaland zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo zimapezekanso ku South America. Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yodziwika ku Western Cape, Namibia ndi Northern Province.
Amakumana:
- mumchenga;
- pa milu ya mchenga;
- pansi pa miyala ndi zingwe zamiyala;
- pafupi pomwepo pa dzenje la nyerere.
Kanema: Kangaude wa Maso Asanu ndi Limodzi
Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi ochokera ku North Cape ndi Namibia mwina ndi kangaude wakufa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha malo ake, ndi osowa ndipo samawoneka ngati akufuna kuluma. Komabe, kangaude sayenera kuthandizidwa, chifukwa palibe mankhwala othandiza poizoni wake.
Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo la asayansi labanja la kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi ndi Sicarius, kutanthauza kuti "wakupha" ndi "sica" ndi lupanga lokhota.
Mtundu womwe kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi ali nawo udapangidwa koyamba mu 1878 ndi Friedrich Karsch ngati Hexomma, wokhala ndi mitundu yokhayo ya Hexomma hahni. Pofika mu 1879, Karsh adazindikira kuti dzinali linali likugwiritsidwa ntchito kale mu 1877 pamtundu wina wosamalira, motero adafalitsa dzina loti Hexophthalma.
Mu 1893, Eugene Simon adasamutsira Hexophthalma hahni kupita ku mtundu wa Sicarius, ndipo Hexophthalma idagwiritsidwanso ntchito mpaka kafukufuku wa phylogenetic mu 2017 adawonetsa kuti mitundu ya African Sicarius, kuphatikiza ndi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi, anali osiyana ndikutsitsimutsa mtundu wa Hexophthalma kwa iwo. Mitundu iwiri yatsopano idawonjezeredwa pamtunduwu mu 2018, ndipo mtundu umodzi womwe udakhazikitsidwa kale, Hexophthalma testacea, umafanana ndi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi. Chiwerengero cha mitundu chikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka ndikufufuza kwina.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi amawoneka bwanji
Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi ali ndi maso 6, opangidwa m'matumba atatu, omwe amakhala m'mizere yopingasa. The cuticle ndi lachikopa ndi ma bristles okhota ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala burgundy kapena achikasu. Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi amakhala ndi ubweya wabwino wotchedwa bristles (tsitsi lolira, ma bristles, njira ngati bristle, kapena gawo lina la thupi) lomwe limagwira misampha ya mchenga. Izi zimapereka chobisalira ngakhale kangaude sanaikidwe.
Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi amakhala ndi thupi mpaka mamilimita 15, ndipo miyendo yake ndi yayikulu pafupifupi 50 millimita. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yofiira bulauni kapena yachikaso popanda mtundu wowonekera. Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi nthawi zambiri amabisala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mchenga tomwe timakhala pakati pa ubweya wa thupi kuti tiziphatikizana ndi komwe akukhala. Akangaude amaso asanu ndi amodzi ndi amanyazi komanso amabisalira, koma amaluma ngati atakhudzidwa mwangozi.
Chosangalatsa: Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 15, kutalikitsa kanayi kuposa kangaude wamba.
Akangaude okhala ndi ufuluyu ndi nyama zakutchire ndipo amakhala ndi yunifolomu yachikasu yofiirira. Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi amawoneka afumbi komanso amchenga ndipo amatenga mtundu wa malo omwe amakhala.
Kodi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi ku Africa
Kutengera ndi umboni wosinthika, achibale a akalulu amchenga okhala ndi maso asanu ndi mmodzi amakhulupirira kuti adachokera kumadzulo kwa Gondwana, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazinthu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zidalipo zaka 500 miliyoni zapitazo. Chifukwa adakhazikitsa malowa kalekale, akangaude ena nthawi zina amatchedwa "zakale zakale." Kugawidwa kwapano kwa banja la akangaudewa makamaka ku Africa ndi Latin America. Izi zikukhulupiriridwa kuti zidachitika pomwe ma supercontinents adagawanika pafupifupi zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo, kulekanitsa Africa ndi America.
Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi amatha kupezeka kumadera amchenga ku South ndi Central America. Kangaudeyu amakhala m'chipululu ndipo amabisalira. Mosiyana ndi osaka nyama ambiri, omwe amadikirira nyama yawo, kangaude wa maso asanu ndi mmodzi samakumba dzenje. M'malo mwake, imabisala pamchenga. Ili ndi poyizoni yemwe amatha kupha, amatha kuwononga mtima, impso, chiwindi ndi mitsempha, ndikupangitsa kuti thupi livunde.
Akangaude amenewa samapanga ziphuphu, koma m'malo mwake amagona theka mumchenga, kudikirira kuti nyamayo idutse. Zafalikira, koma zimapezeka kwambiri m'malo ouma. Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi samatha kuwongolera, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya kangaude.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi mwachilengedwe
Kangaude wa maso asanu ndi mmodzi samayendayenda pofunafuna nyama, amangodikira kuti tizilombo kapena chinkhanira tidutse. Akachita izi, amatenga nyama ija ndi miyendo yakutsogolo, ndikupha ndi poizoni ndikudya. Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi safuna kudyetsedwa pafupipafupi, ndipo akangaude achikulire amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda chakudya kapena madzi.
Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodziyo amagwira nyama mobisalira. Amakweza thupi lake, kukumba kukhumudwa, kugweramo, kenako ndikudziphimba ndi mchenga pogwiritsa ntchito zikoko zakutsogolo. Imagwira nyama ndi zikhomo zake zakutsogolo pamene wovulalayo akuthamangira kangaude wobisika. Ngati kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi apezeka, adzaphimbidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mchenga womwe umatsatira cuticle, womwe umakhala ngati chobisalira chogwira ntchito.
Chakudya chachikulu cha kangaude uyu ndi tizilombo ndi zinkhanira, ndipo amatha kudikirira mpaka chaka kuti adye nyama yawo, chifukwa akangoluma nyama yawo, imangoyenda nthawi yomweyo. Amadyetsa tizilombo todutsa tomwe timatuluka msanga msanga tikasokonezedwa. Pakudziyamwa, tinthu tanthaka titha kumamatira ku tsitsi lapadera lomwe limaphimba matupi a kangaude, ndikusintha mitundu yawo yachilengedwe kukhala yachilengedwe.
Ngakhale zilombo zina zimakumana ndi vuto lopeza ndikugwira nyama yawo, kangaudeyu amalola nyamayo kuyiyandikira. Pokhala modzichepetsa ndikukhala moyo wongokhala, kangaudeyu amadzibisa pokha pokha ndikumamatira mumchenga, ndipo amadikirira mpaka nyama iliyonse itayandikira kwambiri. Nyama ikangoyang'ana, kangaude amatuluka mumchenga ndikuluma nyamayo, nthawi yomweyo kumubaya ndi poizoni wakupha. Tizilomboto timangolephera kugwira ntchito, ndipo imafa patangopita masekondi ochepa.
Zotsatira zoyipa za kangaude wa kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi zimayambitsidwa ndi banja lamapuloteni okhudzana ndi sphingomyelinase D omwe amapezeka mu ululu wa akangaude onse amtunduwu. Mwanjira imeneyi, mtunduwo umafanana ndi ziweto. Komabe, mitundu yambiri yamitundu sinamvetsetsedwe bwino, ndipo zotsatira zake za poyizoni mwa anthu ndi zinyama zina sizidziwika.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi
Mwamwayi, kangaudeyu, monga kangaude wodziyimira payokha, ndi wamanyazi kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ululu wa kangaude uwu ndi woopsa kwambiri kuposa akangaude onse. Pali funso lina ponena za kuopsa kwa kangaudeyu. Ngakhale wamanyazi kwambiri ndipo samakonda kuluma anthu, pali owerengeka (ngati alipo) omwe akuti anathira chiphe anthu ndi mtundu uwu.
Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti poyizoni ndiwothandiza kwambiri, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya hemolytic (kuphulika kwa maselo ofiira am'magazi ndi kutulutsa hemoglobin m'madzi ozungulira) ndi necrotic effect (kufa mwangozi kwa maselo ndi minofu yamoyo), ndikupangitsa magazi kutayikira kuchokera kuzombo ndikuwonongeka kwa minofu.
Kuluma kwa kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo:
- kutayikira kwa mitsempha yamagazi;
- magazi owonda;
- kuwonongeka kwa minofu.
Mosiyana ndi akangaude owopsa a neurotoxic, pakadali pano palibe mankhwala oletsa kuluma kwa kangaudeyu, zomwe zimapangitsa ambiri kukayikira kuti kuluma kwa kangaude kumatha kupha. Panalibe kulumidwa kotsimikizika kwa anthu, panali milandu iwiri yokha yomwe akuwakayikira. Komabe, m'modzi mwazinthu izi, wovulalayo adataya mkono chifukwa cha necrosis yayikulu, ndipo ina, womwalirayo adamwalira ndikutaya magazi kwambiri, mofanana ndi kuluma kwa njoka yamphongo.
Chosangalatsa: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi samakumana ndi anthu kawirikawiri, ndipo ngakhale atatero, nthawi zambiri samaluma. Komanso, monga akangaude ambiri, sikuti nthawi zonse amajambulira njoka zaululu, ndipo ngakhale zili choncho, sizimabaya zambiri.
Chifukwa chake, machitidwe osakhazikika komanso mbiri yachilengedwe ya akangaude amchenga asanu ndi limodzi zadzetsa kuluma kocheperako, chifukwa chake kuluma kwawo mwa anthu sikumveka bwino.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi
Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi amaberekana ndi mazira opindidwa m'matumba a silika otchedwa thumba la dzira. Akangaude nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito miyambo yovuta yokwatirana (makamaka ndi akangaude owoneka bwino) kulola kuti abambo ayandikire kwambiri kuti atulutse mkaziyo popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Poganiza kuti zikwangwani zoyambira kukwererana zasinthana molondola, kangaude wamwamuna amayenera kunyamuka nthawi yomweyo atakwatirana kuti athawe mkaziyo asanadye.
Monga akangaude onse, kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi amatha kupanga silika kuchokera kumatumbo am'mimba. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikhomo monga akangaude omwe amatha kuwona tsiku lililonse. Kangaude wamasamba asanu ndi limodzi samapanga ma cobwebs, komabe, amagwiritsa ntchito luso lapaderali kupanga matumba a silika otchedwa ma sac a mazira kuti azungulire mazira ake.
Chosangalatsa: Thumba la dzira limapangidwa ndi tinthu tambirimbiri ta mchenga tomwe amamatira limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito silika wa kangaude. Iliyonse ya matumba a mazira imatha kukhala ndi ana ambiri.
Akangaudewa amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri m'miyoyo yawo ali pafupi ndi mchenga, motero ndizomveka kuti amadzakhala m'dziko lomwe amiziramo kwambiri. Popeza akangaudewa amabisala pansi pamchenga masiku awo ambiri, yamphongo ikafika kwa mkazi kuti ikakwatiwe, imachita izi pang'onopang'ono kuti isayambitse kulimbana kapena kuyankha kothamanga kwa kangaude wamkazi.
Adani achilengedwe a akangaude asanu ndi eyed
Chithunzi: Kodi kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi amawoneka bwanji
Akangaude amaso asanu ndi limodzi alibe adani achilengedwe. Iwowo ndiwo adani a iwo amene amayesa kuwafikira. Mamembala onse amtundu womwe ali nawo amatha kupanga sphingomyelinase D kapena mapuloteni ena ofanana nawo. Ndi chida chowononga minofu chosiyana ndi banja la kangaude ndipo chimapezeka m'mabakiteriya ochepa chabe.
Nthenda yamitundu yambiri ya Sicariidae ndiyabwino kwambiri, imatha kuwononga (mabala otseguka). Mabala amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti apole ndipo angafunike kumezanitsa khungu. Ngati mabala otsegukawa atenga kachilombo, akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa. Kawirikawiri, poizoni amatengedwa ndi magazi kupita kumimba, ndikupangitsa zotsatira zoyipa. Monga achibale awo apamtima, akangaude akuda, chifuwa cha kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi ndi cytotoxin wamphamvu. Poizoniyu ndi wa hemolytic komanso necrotic, kutanthauza kuti imayambitsa kutuluka kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndikuwononga mnofu.
Ambiri mwa anthu olumidwa ndi kangaude wa maso asanu ndi mmodzi amangoyandikira kwambiri komwe amabisalako. Pali njira zoyesera kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kangaude, koma palibe mankhwala enieni omwe alipo. Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka, ndibwino kupewa kangaudeyu kwathunthu, zomwe siziyenera kukhala zovuta kwa anthu ambiri akaganiza zokhala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi
Mitundu yoposa 38,000 ya akangaude amaso asanu ndi amodzi yazindikiritsidwa, komabe, chifukwa chakutha kwawo kubisala, akukhulupirira kuti pali mitundu pafupifupi 200,000. Malo achilengedwe a kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi akukulira mofulumira chifukwa chakusowa kwa kangaude kupita kutali ndi kwawo. Kutengera ndi zomwe zapezeka posanthula mafotolo osiyanasiyana omwe akalulu awa abisa m'miyoyo yawo yonse, anthu amakhala m'malo omwewo kwa ambiri, mwina osati moyo wawo wonse.
Chifukwa china cha izi ndikuti njira zawo zobalalitsira siziphatikizira pachimake chomwe mitundu ina ya kangaude imawonetsera. Malo okhala kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapanga osaya, ming'alu, komanso pakati pa mabwinja achilengedwe. Amakonda kupezeka pamchenga wopanda mchenga chifukwa amatha kudzikwirira okha ndikutsata mchenga.
Banja la Sicariidae lili ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yoopsa ya Loxosceles. Mitundu ina iwiri ya banjali, Sicarius ndi Hexophthalma (akangaude asanu ndi asanu) amakhala ndi poyizoni wa cytotoxic, ngakhale amakhala m'zipululu zamchenga ndipo samakumana ndi anthu kawirikawiri.
Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi limodzi Ndi kangaude wamkulu wapakati yemwe amapezeka m'zipululu ndi madera ena amchenga kumwera kwa Africa ndi abale apafupi omwe amapezeka ku Africa ndi South America. Kangaude wamaso asanu ndi mmodzi ndi msuwani wa akangaude omwe amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Kuluma kwa kangaudeyu sikuwopseza anthu, koma zikuwonetsedwa kuti zimapha akalulu pasanathe maola 5 mpaka 12.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12/16/2019
Tsiku losintha: 01/13/2020 ku 21:14
