Dzinalo newt yatsopano idafika chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, yotambalala kumbuyo ndi mchira. Amphibiya awa nthawi zambiri amasungidwa ndi osonkhanitsa. M'malo awo achilengedwe, ziwerengero zawo zikucheperachepera. Nyamayo imawoneka ngati chule kapena buluzi, koma ayi. Amatha kukhala pamtunda komanso m'madzi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Crested newt
Triturus cristatus imachokera ku mtundu wa Triturus ndipo ndi ya dongosolo la amphibiya omwe ali ndi mchira. Subclass shellless ndi ya gulu la amphibians.
Zatsopano zimachokera m'mabanja otsatirawa:
- opulumutsa;
- opulumutsa;
- zopopera zopanda mapapo.
M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti mitunduyi idaphatikizapo tinthu tating'ono tina: T. c. cristatus, T. dobrogicus, T. karelinii, ndi T. carnifex. Tsopano akatswiri achilengedwe samasiyanitsa zazing'onozing'ono mwa amphibiya awa. Mitunduyi inapezeka mu 1553 ndi wofufuza malo waku Switzerland K. Gesner. Choyamba adatcha bulu wamadzi. Dzinalo tritons adapatsidwa kubanja ku 1768 ndi wasayansi waku Austria I. Laurenti.
Kanema: Crested newt
Triton tanthauzo la dzina loyambaDzina loyambirira mu zinenero zina, zolemba ndi matchulidwe osiyanasiyana, azimayi ndi amitundu osiyanasiyana dzina Triton. Munthawi ya Chigumula, adaimba lipenga lake monga adalamulira abambo ake ndipo mafunde adabwerera. Pankhondo yolimbana ndi zimphona, mulunguyo adafinya chigobacho ndipo zimphona zija zidathawa. Newt idawonetsedwa ndi thupi la munthu ndi michira ya dolphin m'malo mwamiyendo. Anathandiza Argonauts kuchoka panyanja yawo ndikupita kunyanja yotseguka.
Chosangalatsa: Woyimira mtunduwo ali ndi malo ena obadwiranso. Amphibian amatha kupezanso michira, mapapo kapena michira yotayika. R. Mattey adapeza zodabwitsa mu 1925 - nyama zimatha kusinthanso ziwalo zamkati ndikuwona ngakhale zitadula mitsempha yamawonedwe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crested newt m'chilengedwe
Kukula kwa akulu kumafika masentimita 11-18, ku Europe - mpaka 20 sentimita. Thupi ndi fusiform, mutu ndi waukulu, wolimba. Amalumikizidwa ndi khosi lalifupi. Mchira ndiwophwatalala. Kutalika kwake ndikofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi. Miyendo ndi yofanana, yotukuka bwino. Pa miyendo yakutsogolo pali zala 3-4 zoonda, pa miyendo yakumbuyo pali 5.
Kupuma kwa mphutsi kumachitika kudzera m'mitsempha. Akuluakulu amphibians amapuma kudzera pakhungu ndi m'mapapo, momwe magilosi amasinthira. Mothandizidwa ndi nthiti yachikopa kumchira, amphibiya amatenga mpweya m'madzi. Ngati nyama zisankha moyo wapadziko lapansi, zimasowa ngati zosafunikira. Atsopano amatha kukuwa, kukuwa, kapena kuimba muluzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale kuwona kwa amphibiya ndikofowoka kwambiri, mphamvu ya kununkhira imapangidwa bwino kwambiri: timitengo tating'onoting'ono titha kununkhira nyama yotalikirana ndi 200-300 mita.
Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana ndi newt wamba ngati sipangakhale mzere wakuda wakutali pakati pa maso. Gawo lakumtunda la mdima ndi malo owoneka pang'ono. Mimba ndi wachikaso kapena lalanje. Pali masango ambiri amadontho oyera pamasaya ndi mbali. Khosilo ndi lakuda, nthawi zina lachikasu, lokhala ndi timadontho toyera. Mano amayenda m'mizere iwiri yofanana. Kapangidwe ka nsagwada kumakupatsani mwayi womugwirira.
Khungu, kutengera mtundu, limakhala losalala kapena lopindika. Zoyipa mpaka kukhudza. Pamimba, nthawi zambiri yopanda mpumulo, kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kolimba. Mtundu umadalira osati mitundu yokha, komanso malo okhala. Izi zimakhudza mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwazitsulo zamphongo zazimuna zomwe zimakula nyengo yokolola.
Kutalika kwa lokwera kumatha kufikira sentimita imodzi ndi theka, kamphanda kamchira kamatchulidwa. Gawo losanjidwa kwambiri lomwe limayambira kumutu mpaka kumunsi kwa mchira. Mchira sutchulidwa kwambiri. Nthawi zonse, chimbalangondo chimakhala chosaoneka mwa amuna.
Kodi Newt newst amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Crested newt ku Russia
Malo okhala zolengedwa ndi otakata kwambiri. Mulinso ma Europe ambiri, kuphatikiza UK, kuphatikiza Ireland. Amphibians amakhala ku Ukraine, kumadzulo kwa Russia. Malire akumwera amadutsa Romania, Alps, Moldova, ndi Black Sea. Kumpoto, limadutsa Finland ndi Sweden.
Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo amnkhalango okhala ndi matupi ang'onoang'ono amadzi - nyanja, mayiwe, ngalande, madzi am'masamba, zipewa za peat, ngalande. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kumtunda, chifukwa chake amathawira ku zitsa zowola, maenje a mole, komanso khungwa la mitengo yakugwa.
Nyama zimakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse, kupatula Australia, Antarctica, Africa. Mutha kukumana nawo kumpoto ndi South America, Asia komanso kupitirira Arctic Circle. Zolengedwa zimasankha malo okhala ndi zomera zambiri. Malo oipitsidwa amapewa. M'chaka mpaka pakati pa chilimwe amakhala m'madzi. Zikafika kumtunda, zolengedwa zimabisala m'malo obisalamo.
Pakayamba nyengo yozizira, amphibiya amabisala miyezi 7-8 ndikubowola pansi, mitengo yowola, nkhuni zakufa kapena mulu wa masamba akugwa. Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona magulu a nyama akukumbatirana. Anthu amasinthidwa bwino kuti atsegule malo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza timitengo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka m'malo olima ndi komwe kumakhala anthu.
Kuya kwa malo osungira nthawi zambiri kumakhala osaposa mita imodzi ndi theka, nthawi zambiri kumakhala mamita 0.7-0.9. Madamu osakhalitsa sangapitirire mita 0,2-0.3. Nyama zimadzuka theka lachiwiri la Epulo, pomwe mpweya umafunda mpaka madigiri 9-10. Kukhazikika kwa madamu kumachitika ndi kutentha kwamadzi pamwambapa madigiri 12-13.
Kodi crested newt amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crested newt kuchokera ku Red Book
Zakudyazo ndizosiyana ndi zapansi.
M'madzi, amphibiya amadya:
- kafadala wamadzi;
- nkhono;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- mphutsi za udzudzu;
- okonda madzi;
- agulugufe;
- kuzungulirazungulira;
- nsikidzi zamadzi.
Pamtunda, chakudya sichicheperachepera komanso sichichuluka.
Kwambiri ndi:
- ziphuphu;
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi;
- ziphuphu;
- zipatso zopanda kanthu.
Maso osalola salola kugwira nyama zamtundu winawake, chifukwa chake newt nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala. Ziwalo zoyandikana zimathandizira kugwira nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi zomwe zimasambira mpaka pakamwa pa amphibian patali sentimita imodzi. Atswalawa amasaka mazira a nsomba ndi anapiye. Molluscs amapanga pafupifupi 60% yazakudya za amphibians, mbozi za tizilombo - mpaka 40%.
Pamtunda, ziphuphu zimapanga 60% ya zakudya, slugs 10-20%, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo - 20-40%, anthu ang'onoang'ono amtundu wina - 5%. Pakakhala kuswana kunyumba, akulu amadyetsedwa ndi njoka zanyumba kapena nthochi, chakudya kapena mawi, ma mphemvu, nkhono ndi tizilombo tina. M'madzi, zolengedwa zimapatsidwa nkhono, ma virus a magazi, ma tubules.
Kuukira kwa anthu amtundu wawo, koma kocheperako, m'malo ena kwadzetsa kuchepa kwa anthu. Pamtunda, amphibiya amasaka makamaka usiku kapena masana nyengo yamvula. Amagwira zonse zomwe zimayandikira ndikukhazikika mkamwa.
Ndi mphutsi zokhazokha zomwe zimadya zooplankton. Akamakula, amasamukira kuzinyama zazikulu. Pamatumbo, nyongolotsi zimadya ma gastropods, caddisflies, akangaude, cladocerans, lamellar gill, ndi ma copepods. Zilombozi zimakhala ndi chilakolako chabwino kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimaukira ozunzidwa omwe amaposa kukula kwawo.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse newt. Tiyeni tiwone momwe akukhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crested newt
Ma Crested newt amayamba ntchito yawo mu Marichi-Epulo, madzi oundana atasungunuka. Kutengera ndi dera, ntchitoyi imatha kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka Meyi. Zolengedwa zimakonda moyo wosangalatsa usiku, koma munyengo yokwanira amatha kukhala otakataka tsiku lonse.
Nyama zimasambira bwino ndipo zimakhala zomasuka m'madzi kuposa pamtunda. Mchira umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoyendera. Amphibian amayenda mwachangu pansi pamadzi, pomwe kuthamanga pamtunda kumawoneka kovuta.
Nyengo ikaswana ikatha, anthu amasamukira kumtunda, koma amuna ena amakonda kukhala m'madzi mpaka nthawi yophukira. Ngakhale zimayenda pansi movutikira, panthawi yamavuto, nyama zimatha kuyenda mwachangu.
Amphibian amatha kukwawa kutuluka m'madzi kwa kilomita imodzi ndi theka. Apaulendo odalirika ndi achichepere azaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Atsitsi omwe akudziwa zambiri amayesetsa kukhazikika pafupi ndi madzi. Mabowo obisalira samadzikumba okha. Gwiritsani ntchito zokonzeka. Iwo adatsekedwa m'magulu kuti ataya chinyezi chochepa.
Kunyumba, amphibians amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuposa chilengedwe. Ali mu ukapolo, pomwe palibe chowopseza, atsopanowo amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali. Munthu wakale kwambiri wolemba anamwalira ali ndi zaka 28 - mbiri ngakhale pakati pa zaka zana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Crested newt m'chilengedwe
Atatuluka ku tulo, amphibiya amabwerera ku dziwe, komwe adabadwira. Amuna amafika kaye. Mvula ikamagwa, njirayo idzakhala yosavuta, kukachitika chisanu kukakhala kovuta kukafikako. Amuna amakhala m'dera lawo ndipo amadikirira kubwera kwazimayi.
Mkazi atakhala pafupi, yamphongo imafalitsa ma pheromone, ndikugwedeza mchira wawo mwamphamvu. Wokwera pamahatchi amavina kuvina kosakanikirana, kuyesera kusangalatsa wokondedwa wake, kupindika thupi lake lonse, kupukuta motsutsana naye, kumenya mutu ndi mchira wake pang'ono. Pamapeto pa njirayi, yamphongo imayala spermatophore pansi, ndipo mkazi amatenga ndi cloaca.
Feteleza imachitika mkati mwa thupi. Mkazi amaikira mazira oyera, achikasu kapena obiriwira achikasu pafupifupi mamilimita 5 m'mimba mwake kumapeto kwa masika ndi koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Mazira amapotozedwa mu zidutswa 2-3 m'masamba azomera zam'madzi. Mphutsi imawoneka pambuyo pa masiku 14-18. Poyamba, amadyetsa mankhwalawo kuchokera m'matumba a yolk, kenako amasaka zooplankton.
Mphutsi ndi zobiriwira, mimba ndi mbali zake ndi zagolide. Mchira ndi kumapeto m'malo amdima okhala ndi zoyera zoyera. Mitsempha ndi yofiira. Amakula mpaka masentimita 8. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yofanana, amakhala m'mbali yamadzi, osati pansi, chifukwa chake amadyedwa ndi nsomba zolusa.
Chosangalatsa: Miyendo yakutsogolo imakula koyamba m'mphutsi. Nthambi zamphongo zimakula pafupifupi milungu 7-8.
Kukula kwakanthawi kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi itatu, pambuyo pake ana amatuluka m'madzi kupita kumtunda. Dziwe likamauma, ntchitoyo imathamanga, ndipo pakakhala madzi okwanira, m'malo mwake, amakhala nthawi yayitali. Mphutsi zosasinthika zimabisala mu mawonekedwe awa. Koma osapitirira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo amapulumuka mpaka masika.
Adani achilengedwe amtundu watsopano
Chithunzi: Newt crested newt
Khungu la amphibian limatulutsa ntchentche ndi mankhwala owopsa omwe amatha kupatsira nyama ina.
Koma, ngakhale zili choncho, newt ili ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe:
- achule obiriwira;
- njoka;
- njoka;
- nsomba zina;
- azitsamba;
- adokowe ndi mbalame zina.
Nthawi zina kamba kapena dokowe wakuda amatha kusokonekera pamoyo wa amphibian. Nyama zambiri zam'madzi monga mitundu ina ya nsomba, amphibiya, nyama zopanda mafupa zilibe vuto kudya mphutsi. Kudya munthu wamba si kwachilendo mu ukapolo. Anthu ena amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nsomba zomwe zimayambitsidwa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kulowa m'mimba mwa nyama ndi chakudya. Pakati pawo: Batrachotaenia karpathica, Cosmocerca longicauda, Halipegus ovocaudatus, Opisthioglyphe ranae, Pleurogenes claviger, Chabaudgolvania terdentatum, Hedruris androphora.
Kunyumba, ma newt crest atenga matenda ambiri. Matenda ofala kwambiri amakhudzana ndi dongosolo lakugaya chakudya. Mavuto amakhudzana ndi kudyetsa kosayenera kapena kumeza nthaka m'mimba.
Anthu am'madzi a Aquarium nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matenda am'fungasi omwe amakhudza khungu. Mucorosis amaonedwa kuti ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri. Matenda ofala kwambiri ndi sepsis. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cholowerera tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mthupi. Zakudya zosayenera zimatha kuyambitsa kudzikundikira kwamadzimadzi mu matumbo - madontho.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Crested newt m'madzi
Kuzindikira kwamtundu wamadzi ndichofunikira kwambiri pakuchepa kwa anthu okhala mu newt. Chiwerengero cha mitundu iyi chikuchepa mwachangu kuposa ena amphibiya. Kwa T. cristatus, kuipitsa kwa mafakitale ndi ngalande zamadzi zimabweretsa ngozi yayikulu.
M'madera ambiri, komwe pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, amphibiya amawerengedwa ngati wamba, tsopano sapezeka. Nyama yotchedwa crested newt imawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazamoyo zomwe zili pangozi kwambiri m'zinyama zaku Europe. Ngakhale ndizosiyanasiyana, mitunduyi siichulukirapo, makamaka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa malo omwe amakhala.
Anthu amabalalika m'mitundu yonse ndipo amapezeka kangapo kangapo kuposa newt wamba. Poyerekeza ndi izi, chisa chimatengedwa ngati mtundu wakumbuyo. Ngakhale mantt crested ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi wamba, m'nkhalango zowerengeka anthu amakhala ofanana, ndipo m'malo ena amapitilira mitundu yanthawi zonse.
Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala kuyambira ma 1940, anthu ku Europe atsika kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zitsanzo za 1.6-4.5 mahekitala pamtunda. M'malo omwe anthu amapitako kawirikawiri, pamakhala chizolowezi chakusowa kwathunthu m'midzi ikuluikulu.
Kuwonjezeka kwa misewu yamisewu, kuyambitsidwa kwa nsomba zodya nyama (makamaka Amur sleeper), kuwonongedwa ndi anthu, kuchuluka kwa mizinda m'mizinda ndi kutchera misempha kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa. Ntchito zokumba nguluwe zakutchire ndiyonso yolakwika.
Kuteteza zatsopano
Chithunzi: Crested newt kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu International Red Book, Red Book of Latvia, Lithuania, Tatarstan. Kutetezedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Berne (Annex II). Ngakhale kuti sanalembedwe mu Red Book of Russia, popeza anthu ambiri amawaona kuti sawopsezedwa, mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Book yamagawo 25 aku Russia. Ena mwa iwo ndi Orenburg, Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Republic of Bashkortostan ndi ena.
Pakadali pano, palibe njira zapadera zachitetezo zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nyama zimakhala m'malo 13 ku Russia, makamaka Zhigulevsky ndi malo ena. Kuphwanya mankhwala opangira madzi kumatha kubweretsa kutha kwathunthu kwa amphibiya. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuletsa ntchito zaulimi ndi nkhalango.
Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi, ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito kuti tipeze magulu okhazikika ndikukhazikitsa boma lotetezedwa m'malo amenewa, kuyang'anira kuteteza matupi amadzi, ndikukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa malonda azinyalala. Mitunduyi imaphatikizidwanso pamndandanda wazinyama zopezeka m'chigawo cha Saratov ndipo ikulimbikitsidwa kuti iphatikizidwe mu Red Data Book mdera lino.
M'madera akulu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tibwezeretse zamoyo zam'madzi, m'malo mwa mabanki opanga zokongoletsa ndi zomera zachilengedwe kuti ziberekane bwino, ndikuletsa kutulutsa kwa madzi amphepo yamkuntho mumitsinje yaying'ono yokhala ndi mauta.
Crested newt ndipo mphutsi zake zimagwira ntchito yowononga udzudzu, womwe umapindulitsa kwambiri anthu. Komanso, amphibians amadya onyamula matenda osiyanasiyana. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, simungathe kukongoletsa aquarium yanu ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono, komanso kuberekanso bwino. Ana amafunikira chakudya chambiri, zomera komanso malo okhala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 18:52
