Chipolopolo cha mkanda adakhala ndi anthu kwazaka zambiri ngati chiweto ndipo amakhalabe mbalame yokondedwa lero. Iyi ndi mbalame yaukali yomwe imafunikira chidwi chachikulu. Komabe, mbalame yotchedwa parrot yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka idzasangalatsa ndi kusangalatsa mwini wake, yemwe azitha kuthera nthawi yochuluka mbalameyo ndi mikhalidwe yake yapadera - kusewera mosiyanasiyana komanso kuthekera kokulankhula. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri zamtundu wosangalatsawu komanso wamphamvu kwambiri, werengani nkhani yonseyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Parrot parrot
Dzinalo "Psittacula" ndi dzina locheperako lachi Latin psittacus, lomwe limamasulira kuti "parrot", ndipo dzina lenileni la Crameri lidawonekera mu 1769 chifukwa choti katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Italiya ndi ku Austria Giovanni Skopoli adafuna kupititsa patsogolo kukumbukira kwa Wilhelm Cramer.
Ma subspecies anayi adalembedwa, ngakhale amasiyana pang'ono:
- Ma subspecies aku Africa (P. k. Krameri): Guinea, Senegal ndi kumwera kwa Mauritania, kuyambira kummawa mpaka kumadzulo kwa Uganda ndi kumwera kwa Sudan. Amakhala ku Aigupto m'mphepete mwa chigwa cha Nile, nthawi zina amawonedwa pagombe lakumpoto komanso ku Peninsula ya Sinai. Parrot waku Africa adayamba kuswana ku Israel mzaka za 1980 ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wowononga;
- Parrot ya khosi laku Abyssinia (P. Parvirostris): Somalia, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia kupita kudera la Sennar, Sudan;
- Parrot yaku India (P. manillensis) imapezeka kumwera chakumwera kwa India. Pali ziweto zambiri zakutchire padziko lonse lapansi;
- Chotupa chomenyera mkanda (P. borealis) chimapezeka ku Bangladesh, Pakistan, kumpoto kwa India, Nepal ndi Burma. Anthu obwera amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi;
Zing'onozing'ono sizikudziwika pazomwe zamoyozi zimachokera ku zamoyozi komanso zomwe majini amtundu wa anthu akunena pokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha mayiko ena komwe mtunduwo sunabadwenso. Titha kunena motsimikiza kuti anthu onse olowerera amachokera ku subspecies zaku Asia.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Parrot parrot m'chilengedwe
Parrot yaku India (P. krameri), kapena chinkhwe chomenyera mkanda, ndi mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 39.1 cm. Komabe, mtengo wake umatha kusiyanasiyana 38 mpaka 42 cm. Kulemera kwa thupi kuli pafupifupi 137.0 g. kuposa waku Africa. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi nthenga zobiriwira za thupi zokhala ndi mlomo wofiira, komanso mchira wawutali wautali, womwe umakhala wopitilira theka la kukula kwa thupi. Mchira ukhoza kutalika kwa 25 cm.
Zosangalatsa: Amuna amtundu uwu ali ndi mkombero wakuda wofiirira m'khosi mwawo. Komabe, mbalame zazing'ono sizikhala ndi mtundu woterewu. Amachipeza pokhapokha atatha msinkhu, pafupifupi zaka zitatu pambuyo pake. Akazi nawonso alibe mphete ya khosi. Komabe, atha kukhala ndi mphete zakuda kwambiri kuyambira pakhungu mpaka lakuda.
Ngale ya ngale ndi yopanda tanthauzo. Zitsanzo zakutchire za amuna ndi akazi zimakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, pomwe anthu ogwidwawo amatha kunyamula mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza buluu, chibakuwa ndi chikasu. Wapakati kutalika kwa phiko limodzi ndi masentimita 15 mpaka 17.5. Kutchire, ndi nyama yaphokoso, yosasunthika yomwe mawu ake amafanana ndi kulira kwamphamvu.
Kanema: Pearl parrot
Mutu umayandikira kumbuyo kwa mutu wokhala ndi utoto wabuluu, pali nthenga zakuda pakhosi, pali mzere wakuda kwambiri wakuda pakati pa mlomo ndi diso. Mzere wina wakuda umaphimba khosi mu semicircle, ndikupanga mtundu wa "kolala" wolekanitsa mutu ndi thunthu. Mlomo ndi wofiira kwambiri. Mapiko ndi otuwa, okhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Pansi pake pa mapikowo ndi imvi yakuda, monga timaonera mbalame zouluka.
Kodi parrot ya mkanda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pawiri wamphongo
Mtundu wa parrot wokhala ndi lingwe ndiwo waukulu kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ina ya Dziko Lakale. Ichi ndi chinkhwe chokhacho chomwe chimapezeka ku mbali ziwiri za dziko lapansi. Mu parrot ya mkanda wa ku Africa, mitunduyi imafalikira kumpoto mpaka ku Egypt, kumadzulo kupita ku Senegal, kum'mawa mpaka ku Ethiopia, kumwera mpaka ku Uganda.
Ku Asia, amapezeka kumayiko ngati awa:
- Bangladesh;
- Afghanistan;
- China;
- Butane;
- India;
- Nepal;
- Vietnam.
- Pakistan;
- Anagarika Dharmapala Mawatha, Sri Lanka
Ma parrot amafuta adziwitsidwa kumayiko aku Europe monga Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain ndi United Kingdom. Mbalamezi zafotokozedwanso kumayiko akumadzulo kwa Asia monga Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, ndi Turkey. Japan ku East Asia. Jordan ku Middle East, komanso Qatar, Yemen, Singapore, Venezuela, ndi United States. Kuphatikiza apo, maiko aku Africa monga Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa. Ma parrot nawonso adasamukira ndikukakhazikika kuzilumba za Caribbean ku Curacao, Cuba ndi Puerto Rico.
Biotope yachilengedwe ya Karela ndi nkhalango. Koma imatha kupezeka paliponse ndi mitengo ikuluikulu. Ma parrot amtundu amakwanitsa kuzolowera kutawuni komanso nyengo yozizira. Malo okhala m'mizinda atha kuwapatsa kutentha kozungulira kwambiri komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Amakhala m'zipululu, m'zipululu komanso m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame za mkanda zija zimakhala m'madambo. Amatha kukhala m'minda yaulimi komanso madera ena.
Kodi parrot yamkanda imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Parrot parrot
Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya chakudya cha mbalameyi chimachokera ku mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, parrot ya mkanda imadyanso tizilombo, zipatso ndi timadzi tokoma. Mbalamezi zimakhala m'malo omwe muli mtedza wambiri, mbewu, zipatso, masamba, masamba ndi zipatso, zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa ndi mbewu zina monga tirigu, chimanga, khofi, zipatso, nkhuyu ndi gwava. Zakudya izi zimapsa munthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndikuthandizira mbalamezi chaka chonse. Ngati palibe chakudya chokwanira, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakukolola kochepa, parrot amasintha kuchokera pachakudya chomwe chimaperekedwa kuzomera zilizonse zomwe angapeze.
Magulu akulu a mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zokhala ndi mapereti amabangula mbandakucha kuti adzadye mitengo yazipatso yodzaza kwambiri kapena tirigu wokhetsedwa. Ziweto zakutchire zimauluka ma kilomita angapo kukasaka malo olima ndi minda ya zipatso, zomwe zimawononga eni ake. Mbalame zomwezo zaphunzira kutsegula matumba a tirigu kapena mpunga m'mafamu kapena m'malo osungira njanji. Mlomo wakuthwa wa nthengayo ungang'ambe zipatso zachikopa zolimba ndikuwonetsa mtedza wokhala ndi zipolopolo zolimba.
Zosangalatsa: Ali mu ukapolo, mbalame zamphongo zapakhosi zimadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana: zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, pellets, nthanga, ngakhale nyama yaying'ono yophika kuti ibwezeretse mapuloteni. Mafuta, mchere, chokoleti, mowa ndi zina zotetezera ziyenera kupewedwa.
Ku India, amadya njere, ndipo nthawi yozizira, nandolo a njiwa. Ku Egypt, amadya mabulosi am'masika ndi masika nthawi yotentha, komanso chisa cha mitengo ya kanjedza pafupi ndi minda yomwe ili ndi mpendadzuwa ndi chimanga.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungadyetsere mkanda wa mkanda, tiwone momwe umakhalira m'malo achilengedwe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Parrot ya mkanda wabuluu
Nthawi zambiri mbalame zaphokoso komanso zopanda nyimbo zomwe zimaphatikizira zikwangwani zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndi mbalame zopanda mantha zomwe zimakopa chidwi ndikumangokhalira kulira. Ma parrot amtundu amakhala zisa za anthu ena, pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo omwe adapangidwa kale ndi mitundu ina kuti apange chisa. Kawirikawiri izi ndi zisa zomwe amadzikonzera okha ndi wopikula wowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso wopanga wobiriwira wobiriwira. Chifukwa cha mpikisano, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zokhala ndi mapira zimasemphana ndi mitundu yakomweko yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito malo ofanana ndi zisa zawo.
Zitsanzo za malingaliro otsutsana:
- mtedza wamba;
- buluu tit;
- chachikulu tit;
- nkhunda clintuch;
- nyenyezi wamba.
Parrot ndi mtundu wokonda kudya, wamoyo komanso wamoyo womwe umakhala mwamtendere kwambiri, wokhala m'magulu. Si zachilendo kuwona mbalame zokhazokha zokha kapena awiriawiri kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Kwa nthawi yayitali pachaka, mbalame zimakhala pagulu, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi anthu zikwizikwi. Nthawi zambiri amakangana ndi anzawo, koma ndewu sizichitikachitika.
Nthenga zokhala ndi mkandawo zimagwiritsa ntchito mulomo wake ngati mwendo wachitatu poyenda kudutsa mitengo. Amatambasula khosi lake ndikugwira nthambi yomwe amafunayo ndi mulomo wake, kenako ndikukweza miyendo yake. Amagwiritsanso ntchito njira yofananayo poyenda panjira yopapatiza. Ali ndi maso otukuka, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira chilengedwe.
Ma parrot omwe amadzipiritsa akhoza kupanga ziweto zokongola, zoweta, koma ngati zosowa zawo zikanyalanyazidwa, atha kukhala ndi mavuto ambiri. Izi si mbalame zabwino kukula ndi ana aang'ono, monga amakhala tcheru ndi chisokonezo cha mtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo phokoso la usiku.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Parrot parrot
Parrot ndi mbalame imodzi yokha yomwe imaswana nyengo inayake. Pawiri amapangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma osati kwamuyaya. Mwa mitundu iyi, mkazi amakopa wamwamuna ndikuyambitsa mating. Amadzikanda pamutu mobwerezabwereza pamutu, kuyesa kukopa chidwi chamwamuna.
Pambuyo pake, njira yokwatirana imatenga mphindi zochepa. Nthawi yakukhwima ya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe za ku India imayamba m'miyezi yozizira kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware, nkuikirira mazira mu February ndi Marichi. Anthu aku Africa amaswana kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Disembala, ndipo nthawi yake imasiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalameyi imabala anapiye achichepere chaka chilichonse. Mazirawo akaikidwa m'zisa, ziwalo zoberekera za amayi zimabwerera kutsika mpaka kubala kwina.
Zisa zili pafupifupi 640.08 cm kuchokera pansi. Ayenera kukhala ozama mokwanira kuti asunge mazira asanu ndi awiri. Ching'onoting'ono chaching'ono chiika mazira pafupifupi anayi pachikopa chilichonse. Mazirawo amasamaliridwa kwa milungu itatu mpaka ana anapiyewo ataswa. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zoberekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achinyamata ndi achikulire apulumuke kwambiri.
Kutha kumachitika pafupifupi milungu isanu ndi iwiri kuchokera nthawi yomwe inaswa. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, anapiyewo amadziyimira pawokha. Amuna amakula msinkhu ali ndi zaka zitatu akayamba mphete m'khosi. Amayi amakhalanso okhwima atakwanitsa zaka zitatu.
Natural adani a mkanda zinkhwe
Chithunzi: Parrot parrot m'chilengedwe
Ma Parrot okhala ndi mphete zapinki m'khosi mwawo ndi okhawo omwe amatsutsana ndi nyama zolusa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuwonetsa kuphatikiza ndi mawu ofewa. Kumva phokoso limeneli, zinkhwe zonse zinaphatikizana ndi mbalame yomwe yaukiridwayo kuti imenyane ndi adani awo, ikukupiza mapiko awo, kukuwa ndi kukuwa mpaka womenyedwayo atabwerera. Nyama yamphongo yokhayo yomwe imadya pachikopa cha mkanda ndi nkhono.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma parrot omwe ali ndi mitsitsi ali ndi odyetsa odziwika angapo omwe cholinga chawo ndi kuchotsa mazira pachisa, ndi awa:
- agologolo agulu (Sciurus carolinensis);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens);
- akhwangwala (Corvus spp.);
- akadzidzi (Strigiformes);
- njoka (Njoka).
Zinkhwe za mkanda zimagona usiku m'malo ena oima pama nthambi amitengo, momwe zimawombera. M'mayiko ambiri momwe mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zimawonongetsa nthaka yaulimi, anthu akuyesera kuwongolera anthu okhala ndi mkandawo. Amawopseza mbalame ndikuwombera ndikumveka kuchokera pachokuzira mawu. Nthawi zina, alimi okwiya amawombera obisalira m'minda yawo.
Njira yothandiza kwambiri ndikuchotsa mazira m'zisa. Njira yopanda ngozi yotereyi imakopa anthu ambiri pakuwongolera anthu kwakanthawi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Pearl parrot wamwamuna
Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zapakhosi zakwanitsa kulamulira mayiko ambiri. Zimaswana kumpoto kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe. Mbalame yokhala ndi nthenga imodzi mwa mitundu yochepa yomwe yasintha kukhala malo okhala osokonezedwa ndi anthu, idalimbana molimba mtima ndikuwonongedwa kwa mizinda ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Kufunika kwa nkhuku ngati chiweto komanso kusakondedwa pakati pa alimi kwachepetsa kuchuluka kwake m'malo ena.
Monga mbalame zabwino, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zomwe zathawa zakhala zikulamulira mizinda ingapo padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe. Mitunduyi yatchulidwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kwambiri ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) popeza kuchuluka kwake kukukulira ndipo ikuchulukirachulukira m'maiko ambiri, zomwe zimakhudza mitundu yachilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe ili pangozi ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakusiyananso kwachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Kuzindikira mitundu ya majini ndi njira zosinthira zomwe zimathandizira kuti zikule bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwunikira zomwe zimayambitsa zachilengedwe. Pakati pa mbalame, mbalame yotchedwa parrot (P. krameri) ndi imodzi mwamitundu yopambana kwambiri, yomwe yazika mizu m'maiko oposa 35.
Ma parrot amtunduwu amakhala usiku m'malo wamba (nthawi zambiri amakhala gulu la mitengo), ndipo kuwerengera mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe zomwe zikufika m'malo amenewa ndi njira yodalirika yowerengera kukula kwa anthu akumaloko. M'mizinda yambiri yaku Europe, mungapeze zipinda zogona zogona: Lille-Roubaix, Marseille, Nancy, Roissy, Vyssus (France), Wiesbaden-Mainz ndi Rhine-Neckar (Germany), Follonica, Florence ndi Rome (Italy).
Komabe, m'malo ena a South Asia - komwe akuchokera chinkhwe cha mkanda, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi zikuchepa chifukwa chogwidwa kuti agulitse nyama. Ngakhale anthu ena ayesapo kutsitsimutsa anthu powamasula mbalame m'misika yakomweko, ziwombankhanga zatsika kwambiri m'malo ambiri am'mbali mwa India.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 10:24
